Annie Neoplasia Flashcards

structure benign vs malignant

well differentiated vs anaplastic

growth rate benign vs malignant

slow vs rapid

mitoses benign vs malignant

few vs relatively common

growth benign vs malignant

usually expansive vs invasive

benign vs malignant growth duration

may stop growing vs rarely stop growing

encapsulation benign vs malignant

usually vs rarely

metastasis benign vs malignant

none vs frequent

effect on host benign vs malignant

slight vs significant harm

what characterizes benign tumors

organized growth, uniform nuclei, low nucleus to cytoplasm ratio, minimal mitotic activity, lack of invading basement membrane, no metastatic potential

what characterizes malignant tumors

disorganized growth, nuclear pleomorphism, nuclear hyperchromasia, high nucleus to cytoplasm ration, high mitotic activity and atypical, invasion of basement membrane

horner syndrome (associated with pancoast tumor)

1. ptosis: drooping eyelid

2. miosis: pupillary constriction

3. anhydrosis: lack of sweating

why does pancoast tumor cause horner syndrome

compression of sympathetic innervation to the head

reversible plasias

hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia

irreversible plasias

neoplasia, anaplasia, desmoplasia, tumor, metastasis

carcinomas involve what tissue type

epithelial

ABCDEs of skin cancer

asymmetry, border, color, diameter, elebation change

sarcoma arises from

connective tissue

ewings sarcoma sx

pain, swelling, fever, fatigue, weight loss

primary metastatic site of ewing’s sarcoma

lungs

what do malignant tumors use to induce new blood vessels

angiogenesis factor

TNM

T-size and extend of main tumor

N-number of nearby cancerous lymph nodes
M-whether cancer has metastasized

TX

main tumor cannot be measured

T0

main tumor cant be found

T1-T4

Refers to size and extent of the main tumor

NX

lymph nodes cannot be assesed

N0

no regional lymph node metastasis

N1

regional lymph node metastasis present; at some sites, tumor spread to closest or small number of regional lymph nodes

N2

tumor spread to an extent between N1 and N3

N3

tumor spread to more distant or numerous regional lymph nodes

MX

metastasis cannot be measured

M0

cancer has not spread to other parts of the body

M1

cancer has spread to other parts of the body

R0

no margins left

R1

micro cells left

R2

macro cells left

in situ

abnormal cells are present but have not spread to nearby tissue

localized

cancer is limited to the place where it started with no sign it has spread

regional

cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, tissues, or organs

distant

cancer has spread to distant parts of the body

unknown

there’s not enough information to figure out the stage

stage 0

cancer in situ, has not spread, often highly curable

stage 1

small cancer or tumor that hasn’t grown deeply into nearby tissue or lymph nodes (early stage cancer)

stage 2 and 3

larger cancers or tumors that have grown more deeply into nearby tissue; may have spread to lymph nodes but not other parts of the body

stage 4

cancer has spread to other organs or parts of the body; advanced/metastatic