A & P ~ Exam 3

Cerebellum is what portion of the brain?

Most inferior/posterior portion of the brain

The cerebellum adjusts what 2 motor activities on what 2 basises?

Adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities on basis of sensory information and stored memories of previous movements

Ventricles. What is it? What is is filled with? What lined with what cells?

Internal cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid and lined with ependymal cells

What is the flow of CSF in the ventricles? (6 steps)

2 Lateral ventricles → Drain through interventricular foramen —> 3rd ventricle —> cerebral aqueduct —> 4th ventricle —> central canal

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Surrounds and bathes what surface?

The exposed surfaces of the CNS

CSF. Cushions what 2 things against what?

Cushions brain and spinal cord against physical trauma

CSF. Supports brain what doing what?

Supports the brain by “floating” it in fluid

CSF. Transports what?

Transports nutrients, chemicals, and wastes

CSF fluid production. Produced by what part of the brain? What is the production rate a day?

Choroid plexus within each ventricle

500 mL/day production rate

CSf production. How often is it secreted and replaced. What is the entire circulating volume and how often is it replaced?

Continually secreted and replaced

Entire circulating volume of 150 mL replaced about every 8 hours

What is the choroid plexus?

Network of permeable capillaries covered by large ependymal cells

What is the flow of CSF? (7 steps)

Choroid plexus —> ventricles —> fills central canal —> two lateral apertures and median aperture—> subarachnoid space —> arachnoid granulations —> absorbed by venous circulation

Cerebrum. How large?

Largest region of the brain

Cerbrum. What 2 types of matter does it include?

Gray and white matter

What is the superficial layer of gray matter called in the cerebrum?

Superficial layer of gray matter called cerebral cortex

What is the deep layer of gray matter called in the cerebrum?

Gray matter also found in deeper areas called basal nuclei

Where is the white matter in the cerebrum and what does it surround?

White matter is deep to the cortex and surrounds basal nuclei

The outer surface of cerebrum forms what?

Gyri

The gyri of cerebrum increases what?

Surface area

The gyri of the cerebrum is separated by what?

Sulci

What are the deeper grooves of cerebrum called?

Fissures

Cerebral hemispeheres. What is the brain divided into?

Divided into lobes

What is the insula of the brain?

Area of cerebral cortex located deep to the temporal lobe

What are the cerebral hemispheres separated by?

Longitudinal fissure.

What are the 3 sulci of the cerebral hemispheres?

Central sulcus

Lateral sulcus

Parieto-occipital sulcus

What does the central sulcus separate?

Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

What does the lateral sulcus separate?

Separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe

What does the parieto-occipital sulcus separate?

Separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe

What sulcus divides the primary motor and sensory areas of the cortex?

Primary areas divided by the central sulcus

Where is the precentral gyrus of the brain? Contains what cortex?

Frontal lobe

Contains the primary motor cortex

Where is the postcentral gyrus of the brain? Contains what cortex?

Parietal lobe

Contains the primary sensory cortex

What does the primary motor cortex do?

Volutary control of skeletal muscle

The primary sensory cortex neurons receive what type of sensory info? What type of info? (4)

Neurons receive somatic sensory info

Info: touch, pressure, pain, temperature

Where is the visual cortex? Receives what type of info?

Occipital lobe

Receives visual information

Where is the gustatory cortex? Receives what type of sensations?

Frontal lobe

Receives taste sensations

Where is the auditory and olfactory cortex?

Temporal lobe

Auditory cortex receives what type of information?

Auditory receives information about hearing

Olfactory cortex receives what type of information?

Olfactory receives information about smell

Association areas integrate what 2 cortexes?

Sensory and motor cortex?

The integration of sensory and motor cortices of the association areas interpret what and coordinate what?

Interpret incoming information

Coordinate a motor response

The somatic sensory association area monitors activity in what cortex? Allows to recognize what sensation?

Monitors activity in primary sensory cortex

Allows to recognize a touch

The somatic motor association area (premotor cortex) is responsible for? What is an example of this responsibility

Responsible for coordinating learned movements

Example: picking up a glass

Where is the somatic sensory association area located in?

Parietal lobe

Where is the somatic motor association area located in?

Frontal lobe

Regions of cortex linked by what?

Deeper white matter

Left and right hemispheres are connected by?

Corpus callosum

Other axons like cortex with what 4 things of the brain?

Other axons link the cortex with brain stem, spinal cord, cerebellum, and diencephalon

White matter contains what type of axons?

Myelinated axons

The cerebral processing center receive infomation for where?

The cerebral processing center direct what activites

The cerebral processing centers are often restricted to what?

Cerebral processing center. Wernicke’s area. Where is it? Integrates what type of info and what 2 types of memorizes?

Temporal lobe

Integrates sensory information and visual and auditory memories

Cerebral processing center. Wernicke’s area. Damage to this area affects what ability?

Damage affects ability to interpret what is read or heard

Cerebral processing center. Broca’s area. Regulates what 2 things. What are these 2 things required for?

Regulates breathing and vocalization

Required for normal speech

Cerebral processing center. Broca’s area. Location?Damage to this area affects what abilty?

Frontal lobe

Damage affects ability to form words

The left cerebral hemisphere. Controls what side of the body? What 2 centers does it contain?

Controls right side of the body

2 centers:

Speech center

Language and math calculation center

The right cerebral hemisphere. Controls what side of the body? What center does it contain?

Controls left side of the body

Center:

Spatial visualtization and analysis

What is aphasia?

Disorder affecting the ability to speak or read.

What is dyslexia?

Disorder affecting the comprehension and use of words.

Prefrontal cortex. Location?

Frontal love

Prefrontal cortex. Coordinates information from what area?

Coordinates information from association areas of the entire cortex

Prefrontal cortex. Performs what function? Example? Damage affects ability to?

Performs abstract intellectual functions

Example: predicting consequences of actions or events

Damage affects ability to estimate time relationships

The prefrontal cortexs generates what 3 feelings as events are interpreted and predictions made?

Generates feelings of frustration, tension, and anxiety as events are interpreted and predictions made

Each hemisphere is responsible for what functions?

Each hemisphere is responsible for specific functions not ordinarily performed by opposite hemisphere

Left hemisphere involved in what 3 skills?

Left hemisphere tends to be involved in language skills, analytical tasks, and logical decision making

Right hemisphere involved in what 3 skills?

Right hemisphere tends to be involved in spatial analysis, analyzing sensory input and relating it to the body, and analyzing emotional context

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a printed record of what?

Printed record of electrical activity in the brain

EEG. Electrical patterns called what? Cn be correlated with?

Electrical patterns called brain waves can be correlated with level of consciousness

EEGs can provide what type of diagnostic info?

Can also provide diagnostic information regarding brain disorders

EEG. Alpha waves are characteristics of?

Normal resting adults.

EEG. Beta waves are characteristics of?

Accompany intense concentration

EEG. Theta waves are characteristics of? Seen in what type of people?

Frustrated adults

Seen in children

EEG. Delta waves are characteristics of? (2)

Deep sleep

Certain pathological conditions

Fact memories are what?

Specific bits of information (like your social security number)

Fact memories are what? Ex?

Learned motor skill that can become incorporated into unconscious memory (like playing the violin)

Short term memories last how long? How can you convert them to long term memories?

Do not last long but can be recalled immediately

Converting into long-term memory through memory consolidation

Long term memories remain for how long?

Remain for long periods, sometimes an entire lifetime

What is amnesia

Memory los as a result of disease or trauma

Basal (cerebral) nuclei. Masses of what type of matter? Location?

Masses of gray matter that lie beneath the lateral ventricles

Basal (cerebral) nuclei. Function (2)?

Functions:

Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone

Coordination of learned movements

Basal (cerebral) nuclei. 3 components?

1. Caudate nucleus

2. Lentiform nucleus

3. Amygdaloid body (amygdala)

Basal (cerebral) nuclei. Lentiform nucleus. Contains what 2 things?

Contains the medial globus pallidus and the lateral putamen

Basal (cerebral) nuclei. The caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus are called what when together?

The caudate and lentiform nuclei together are called the corpus striatum

Amygdaloid body or amygdala is a component of what system?

Component of the limbic system

The limbic system includes what 4 things?

Includes:

1. The olfactory cortex

2. basal nuclei

3. Gyri

4. Tracts between the cerebrum and diencephalon

The limbic system what type of group is it?

A functional grouping, rather than an anatomical one

What are the 3 functions of the limbic system?

1. Establishes the emotional states

2. Links the conscious with the unconscious functions

3. Aids in long-term memory storage and retrieval with help of the hippocampus

The diencephalon contains what 2 centers?

Contains switching and relay centers

What do the switching and relay centers of the diencephalon integrate what? 

Integrate conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands

The diencephalon surrounds what?

Surround 3rd ventricles

What are the 3 components of the diencephalon?

1. Epithalamus

2. Thalamus

3. Hypothalamus

The epithalamus lies where?

Lies superior to the third ventricle

The epithalamus forms what?

Forms the roof of the diencephalon

The anterior part of the epithalamus contains what?

Anterior part contains choroid plexus

The posterior part of the epithalamus contains what?

Posterior part contains the pineal gland

What is the pineal gland? What does it secrete? Functions in regulating what cycle?

Endocrine structure that secretes melatonin

Functions in regulating day–night cycles

The left and right thalamus separated by what?

Left and right thalamus separated by the third ventricle

The thalamus functions as what?

Functions as relay and processing center for sensory information

All sensory information except for what passes through thalamus?

All sensory information other than olfactory passes through thalamus