CCJ 4070 Exam 2 Review

According to crime pattern theory, _____ is a set of physical settings that may be influenced by/or influence individuals' behaviors and routine activities.

activity backcloth

A capable guardian should _____

be willing to intervene

According to _____, busier streets would encourage the public social interaction regulars of the streets such as residents, business owners, and employees. Consequently, active street will have an effective system of social control, _____.

Jane Jacobs, eyes on the street

Certain types of facilities are seen to be _____ because they draw a large number of people, some of whom may be potential offenders. BY attracting more people to a place, they facilitate an increase of the number of potential offenders, as well as potential victims.

crime generators

The Routine Activities Theory explains "hot spots" in terms of _____

the presence of suitable targets

the presence of motivated offenders

the absence of capable guardians

all of these choices

According to the routine activities theory, as consumer electronic products (TVs, radios, etc.) grow smaller and lighter, theft rates will _____ because _____

increase, there are more "suitable" targets

_____ are specific purposes assigned to the space to promote more desirable environmental outcomes as well as a more efficient use of resources. SO _____ refer to activates, functions, or operations an area has applied to its geographic space.

land uses

For _____, street life is a source of interest, bringing the eyes of a neighborhood's "natural proprietors" - residents and business owners - onto the street, with the byproduct of monitoring and more effective natural surveillance

Jane Jacobs

According to Stucky and Ottensmann (2009), most studies have assumed that _____ land uses independently _____ criminal opportunities or _____ the potential for informal social control

nonresidential, increase, decrease

_____ is the combination of at least two specific land uses - next to or in direct proximity of each other - within a geographic unit such as a street block

mixed land use

Level of _____ is defined as the combination of two distinct but closely related concepts: _____ and _____ (Montgomery 1998)

social activity, vitality, diversity

_____ are crucial elements of physical environments, along which travel can occur. Studies theorize that they can affect the risk of crime in place because they can determine the number and type of people at a given time and place, thus affecting criminal opportunities and the level of guardianship in place.

street network configurations

______ are the places where people spend most of their time and develop their routine activities, such as home, workplaces, shopping malls, bars, restaurants, etc. _______ are the street network configurations that connect, through which people move from here to there for various activities. ______are physical boundaries where noticeable changes are observed.

activity nodes, pathways, edges

________ centrality indicates the potential traffic passing along a given street segment within a search radius on the street network. Thus, it captures how frequently individual areas are used during journeys from one location to other locations through the street network along the shortest path.

betweenness

Kim and Hipp (2019) introduced an ______ method to consider where people are from and go to. This is because, theoretically, the search process of motivated offenders to find a suitable target is not random over the space but near the travel paths between major routine activity nodes.

weighted betweenness

Kim and Hipp (2019) found a ______ relationship between the betweenness measures and crime in place. That is, they found that more potential passers-by would initially have higher risk of crime, yet the pattern turns to crime-reducing after reaching a certain threshold.

curve-linear

Capability of Guardianship means

willingness to intervene

Crime attractors

areas to which potential offenders and others are drawn, such as drug markets, sites of street prostitution, or adult clubs and bars (known criminal opportunities; reputation)

Crime generators

places to which large numbers of people are attracted for reasons unrelated to criminal motivation (foot traffic)

Crime rates

Affected by the factors affecting the frequency of their convergence in space and time - physical environment

Third places

Public spaces that "afford casual encounters in the course of daily life that can bind people together and give their lives meaning and power"

Generally provide crime reducing effects in place

Activity Nodes

Newman: Defensible space & Taylor: Territoriality

Third Place

Jacobs: Eyes on the Street

Specific land uses examples

Residential, Retail, Office, Industrial, Vacant

Crime producing influences

Retail/Commercial, Vacant lots, Transportation

Crime reducing influences

Residential, Green/Open spaces

Social Activity in a place

affects and reflects the quality of the built environments

Level of social activity

- extent to which a place feels alive or lively

- notion and meaning of place in urban daily life

- level of foot traffic in a location may impact the level of crime

Vitality

- How lively a place feels.

- 2 potential indicators: Number of business establishments and Number of business employees

- Can only be achieved and maintained if there is sufficient Diversity of Land Uses

Diversity

- Mix of activities in a place.

- Lively places require a diversity of social activities and businesses to sustain a wide array of activities

- 2 potential indicators: Mix of land uses and Proportion of locally owned businesses

Diversity (Jacobs)

Dense concentration of population is necessary for vitality and diversity

Territoriality (Taylor)

- Anonymity that results from mixed land use impairs residents' ability to detect suspicious, crime-related activity

- Mixed land use (diversity) -> Anonymity -> "Outsiders"

New Urbanism (Jacobs)

- Produces effective system of social control: "eyes on the street.

- Mixed land use (diversity) -> Foot traffics -> "Eyes on the street"

Mixed Land Use

The combination of at least two specific land uses—next to or in direct proximity of each other—within a geographic unit (e.g. census block, block group, or tract)

Browning et. al 2010

At low levels, increases in commercial/residential density leads to an increase in crime. However, beyond a threshold, mixed land use led to nontrivial decreases in crime (creating a curve-linear relationship).

Street networks can determine

Urban mobility and Familiarity of places in a city

Pathways Hypothesis 1

More passing-by movements (better connected areas via the street network) → Higher risk of crime

- More criminal opportunities

- Reduced territorial protection (Newman, 1972)

Pathways Hypothesis 2

More passing-by movements → Lower risk of crime

- "Eyes on the streets"

Centrality

- Centrality is a fundamental concept of network topological analysis

- Identify the most important vertices or nodes

-Ex: Betweenness

Betweenness

Potential usage of a given street segment via the street network taking the shortest routes

- Betweenness → Crime

Population in "where people from and go"

More residents, more pedestrian & vehicular movements

Number of business employees in "where people go"

Larger business facilities, more people visiting the place, and thus more employees to serve

Edges

where noticeable changes are found (physically visible and invisible)

- Ex: Transportation lines, Large pieces of land, Large industrial sites, Vacant land

Physically visible edges Hypothesis 1-1

- Areas adjacent to physically visible boundaries will have lower risk of crime due to fewer criminal opportunities.

- Crime will increase when moving further away from the boundary with a distance decay function

Physically visible edges Hypothesis 1-2

- Areas adjacent to physically visible boundaries will have higher risk of crime with a distance decay effect when moving further away

- Lower permeability crossing the boundaries --> Lower levels of social cohesion and informal social control among the residents across the boundaries

City boundaries Hypothesis 2-1

Areas adjacent to the city administrative boundaries will have higher risk of crime with a distance decay effect when moving further away

Distance Decay Theory

Distance increase, crime increases