Networks of Exchange Flashcards

Flashcards about Networks of Exchange from c. 1200 to c. 1450

Economic activity along existing trade routes between 1200 and 1450

Increased in volume and scope due to technological and commercial innovations, imperial expansion, and demand for luxury goods.

Silk Roads

The Mongol Empire promoted trade along this route, creating a vast commercial network across Eurasia.

West Africa and East Africa

These were added to the existing network through trade routes across the Sahara and in the Indian Ocean.

Improvements to previously existing commercial practices, including forms of credit

This facilitated larger networks of exchange.

Examples of luxury goods in growing demand

Silk and porcelain from China and gold from Africa.

Trade

Setting for cultural exchange and the spread of religion and technology.

Examples of religious beliefs and technology that spread due to trade

Islam, paper making, and gunpowder.

Deadly disease that spread rapidly due to growing trade

The Black Death/Bubonic Plague.

Mansa Musa

West African ruler who began a lavish pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324.

Zheng He

Chinese admiral who began seven great voyages throughout the Indian Ocean in 1405.

Silk Roads

Routes that had fallen into disuse were revived by the 8th and 9th centuries.

luxury goods

Demand for these increased in Europe and Africa.

Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants

They expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export.

Caravans

Made travel safer and more practical.

China

Developed a system using paper money to manage increasing trade.

The Crusades

Helped pave the way to expanding networks of exchange, as lords and their armies of knights brought back fabrics and spices from the East

Parts of the Silk Roads that were under the authority of different rulers

Were unified in a system under the control of an authority that respected merchants and enforced laws resulting in new trade channels established between Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe.

Traveling with others in caravans

Was safer than traveling alone.

Magnetic Compass, Rudder

Chinese scientists developed the and improved the , both of which helped aid navigation and ship control along the seas.

Chinese Junk

A boat similar to the Southwest Asian dhow that had multiple sails and was as long as 400 feet. The hull was divided into compartments which strengthened the ship to make sinking less likely.

Kashgar

Is located at the western edge of China where northern and southern routes of the Silk Roads crossed, leading to destinations in Central Asia, India, Pakistan, and Persia

Samarkand

In present-day Uzbekistan in the Zeravshan River valley, was a stopping point on the Silk Roads between China and the Mediterranean and a center of cultural exchange as much as it was a center for trading goods.

Caravanserai

Inns known as __ sprang up, often about 100 miles apart where travelers could rest themselves and their animals and sometimes trade their animals for fresh ones.

Flying Cash

To manage the increasing trade, China developed this. It allowed a merchant to deposit paper money under his name in one location and withdraw the same amount at another location.

Bill of Exchange

A document stating the holder was legally promised payment of a set amount on a set date; one could present at a banking house and receive that amount of money in exchange.

Hanseatic League

In the 13th century, cities in northern Germany and Scandinavia formed this commercial alliance. Controlling trade in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, member cities were able to drive out pirates and monopolize trade in goods such as timber, grain, leather, and salted fish.

Increase in Demand

The growing demand for luxury goods from Afro-Eurasia, China, Persia, and India led to a corresponding increase in the supply of those goods through expanded production. Craftworkers expanded their production of such goods as silk and other textiles and porcelains for export.

Genghis Khan

The Mongol leader who united the Mongol chieftains and was elected khan of the Mongolian Kingdom

Genghis Khan at War

The Mongolian armies developed special units that mapped the terrain so that they were prepared against attacks and knew which way to go to attack their enemies.

Pax Mongolica

The period of Eurasian history often called __, or Mongolian peace, established by Genghis Khan who consulted with scholars and engineers of Chinese and Islamic traditions.

Batu and the Golden Horde

Son of Khan's oldest son that led a Mongolian army of 100,000 soldiers into Russia, conquering the small Russian kingdoms and forcing them to pay tributes.

Hulegu and the Islamic Heartlands

Another grandson of Genghis Khan that took charge of the southwest region, destroying the city of Baghdad and killing the caliph, along with perhaps 200,000 residents of the city.

Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty

A grandson of Genghis Khan that set his sights on China, establishing the Yuan Dynasty.

Zhu Yuanzhang

A Buddhist monk from a poor peasant family, led a revolt that overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and founded the Ming Dynasty

Long-Term Impact of the Mongolian Invasions

Mongols revitalized interregional trade between Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe and built a system of roads and continued to maintain and guard the trade routes.

Guidance provided by the Hadith

Encouraging Muslims to travel and learn.

Dar al-Islam

Literal meaning of 'the House of Islam, or Muslim world'.

Causes of Expanded Exchange in the Indian Ocean

The expansion of Islam connected more cities than ever before and Muslim Persians and Arabs were the dominant seafarers.

Cities on the west coast of India, such as Calicut and Cambay

Became thriving centers of trade due to interactions with merchants from East Africa and Southwest Asia.

Calicut

Became a bustling port city for merchants in search of spices from southern India.

Modern-day Malaysia and Indonesia

Became known as the Spice Islands.

Mombasa, Mogadishu, and Sofala

Enslaved people, ivory, and gold came from these Swahili coastal cities.

Monsoon

These Winds Affected Routes

Malacca

Is a Muslim city-state became wealthy by building a navy and by imposing fees on ships that passed a narrow inlet into used to travel between ports in India and ports in China.

Diaspora

Settlements of people away from their homeland.

Indian Ocean Trade

Created thriving city-states along the east coast of Africa, sometimes known as the Swahili city-states.

Zheng He

The transfer of knowledge, culture, technology, commerce, and religion intensified as a result of thriving trade in the Indian Ocean Basin. The voyages of the Muslim admiral __ reflected this transfer, as well as the conflicts it sometimes generated.

Oases

Are places where human settlement is possible because water from deep underground is brought to the surface, making land fertile.

Camels

They adapted well to living in the Sahara. Compared to horses, they can consume a large quantity of water at one time (over 50 gallons in three minutes) and not need more water for a long time.

The Somali Camel Saddle

Had the greatest impact on trade was designed for carrying loads up to 600 pounds.

The trans-Saharan trade

Became famous throughout Europe and Asia and its most precious commodity traded was gold.

North African traders

Introduced Islam to Mali in the 9th century.

The great cities of Timbuktu and Gao

Accumulated the most wealth and developed into centers of Muslim life in the region.

Cowrie shells, cotton cloth, gold, glass beads, and salt

The currency in Mali.

Mansa Musa

Led an extraordinarily extravagant caravan to Arabia, consisting of 100 camels, thousands of enslaved people and soldiers, and gold to distribute to all of the people who hosted him along his journey.

Genghis Khan

A Mongol leader that scholars believe to be have possessed great energy, discernment, genius, and understanding, was awe-inspiring, a butcher, just, resolute, an over-thrower of enemies, intrepid, sanguinary, and cruel.

The plague, referred to as the Black Death

Was introduced to Europe by way of trading routes spreading and exposure to new ideas from Byzantium and the Muslim world would contribute to the Renaissance and the subsequent rise of secularism.

Marco Polo

The Italian native from Venice that visited Kublai Khan in the late 13th century and after his return wrote about the high levels of urbanization he saw.

Ibn Battuta

A Muslim scholar from Morocco set out to see the world he read about and his journey was in large part to learn as much as he could about Islam and its people and accomplishments.

English mystic Margery Kempe

Conveyed both the intense spiritual visions and feelings of her mystical experiences and the trials of everyday life for a woman with 14 children.

Champa Rice

A quick-ripening product that contributed to population growth and widespread use in China.

Bananas

Led farmers to cultivate more land.

Factors Contributing to the Decline of Cities

The decline of Constantinople after a series of conquests by nomadic invaders.

The Black Death in Europe

Transmitted by the Mongol conquests, killing one-third of the population there in a few years

Several major trading networks connected people in Africa, Europe, and Asia in the years between c. 1200 and c. 1450

Were similar in their origins, purpose, and effects due to trade.

The trading networks overall economic purpose

For exchanging what people were able to grow or produce for what they wanted, needed, or could use to trade for other items.

Those who traded and also spread ideas

Diplomats and missionaries also traveled the trade routes, negotiating alliances and proselytizing for converts with merchants

Different trading networks examples of their unique currencies and commercial practices

Silk was not only a commodity but also a currency; in places in Southeast Asia, tin ingots were used as a currency standard; West African states used cowrie shells as currency.

High Labor Demand

Growing demand for products, labor demand rose along with the growing demand for products.