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Which of the following statements about American immigration in the late nineteenth century is not correct?

Southern and Eastern European immigrants made up a smaller percentage than in the early nineteenth century

Which of the following was not one of the arguments that was emphasized by the younger generation of the women's movement in the late nineteenth century?

Voting rights based on republican individual citizenship

Which of the following statements about the general characteristics of Theodore Roosevelt's attitude toward U.S. foreign policy is correct?

Powerful nations must cultivate vigor strength courage and moral commitment

Which of the following best describes the primary crises the United States faced immediately following the Civil War?

Reintegrating seceded states and determining the status of freed people

How did the outlooks of freed African Americans and Southern whites fundamentally contrast in the aftermath of the Civil War?

Freedpeople sought autonomy and land while white southerners sought pre-war racial and labor hierarchies

What was the primary purpose of the "Black Codes" enacted by southern state legislatures post-Civil War?

Restrict freedpeople's civil rights and coerce them into subservient plantation labor

Which of the following best explains a major argument in favor of Congressional control of Reconstruction rather than Presidential control?

Southern states forfeited constitutional rights and required federal mandates to protect Black civil rights

What did the Thirteenth Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution collectively achieve?

Abolished slavery guaranteed birthright citizenship equal protection and voting rights regardless of race

Why was President Andrew Johnson impeached?

Violated the Tenure of Office Act and obstructed Congressional Reconstruction

How did congressional action during Reconstruction directly affect the political reality for African Americans?

Enfranchised Black men leading to unprecedented African American office-holding

Which of the following statements best describes the Freedmen's Bureau and its outcomes?

Succeeded in establishing schools but failed in long-term land redistribution

How did economic conditions following the Civil War force freed African Americans into a state of dependency?

Lack of land redistribution forced freedpeople into sharecropping and debt peonage

How did Reconstruction policies impact the livelihoods of white southern farmers?

Economic destruction and cash-crop shift forced many into tenancy and sharecropping

What types of African American self-help institutions became central to their communities during the Reconstruction period?

Independent churches mutual aid societies and fraternal organizations

Why did white Southerners predominantly oppose Republican governments during Reconstruction?

They politically empowered African Americans and raised taxes for public works

What was the primary federal response to the rise of white supremacist violence by groups like the Ku Klux Klan?

Passed the Enforcement Acts to prosecute and militarily suppress terror groups

The process of "Redemption" in the Southern states referred to:

Violent political overthrow of biracial Republican governments by white conservative Democrats

In what ways did national priorities shift in the United States between 1865 and 1875?

Northern focus shifted from southern racial conflicts to western expansion the Panic of 1873 and labor disputes

How did the Compromise of 1877 facilitate the end of Reconstruction?

Made Hayes president in exchange for withdrawing federal troops from the South

Which technological innovations contributed most significantly to the development of industrialization in the United States in the late nineteenth century?

Electrical power the Bessemer steel process and the telephone

What were the defining characteristics and economic consequences of railroad development in the United States after the Civil War?

Government subsidies created a national market standard time zones and corporate bureaucracies

How did John D. Rockefeller primarily practice horizontal integration?

Acquired or merged with competing oil refineries to eliminate competition

How did late 1800s industrialization in the United States relate to the global economy?

The United States became a leading manufactured goods exporter relying on foreign immigrant labor

What groups constituted the "new immigrants" who came to the United States around the turn of the twentieth century?

Mostly Catholic and Jewish Southern and Eastern Europeans seeking work and fleeing persecution

Which of the following best describes the workforce during the industrial era?

Unskilled marginalized groups working long dangerous hours for low wages

What did the major labor protests and strikes of the late nineteenth century such as the 1877 railroad strike Homestead and Haymarket demonstrate?

Violent conflict between organized labor and corporations that used troops to crush strikes

How did the American Federation of Labor (AFL) differ from the Knights of Labor?

The AFL organized skilled white males for basic rights while the Knights of Labor organized all workers regardless of skill race or sex

In what ways did middle-class women and men experience new freedoms during the industrial era?

Benefited from increased disposable income mass consumer culture and commercialized leisure

How did the philosophy of Social Darwinism justify Gilded Age capitalism?

Claimed unregulated competition allowed the fit to gain wealth framing inequality as biologically necessary

What were the primary grievances and demands of the People's Party (Populist Party)?

Protested agrarian debt and railroad monopolies demanding free silver a graduated income tax and government-owned railroads

What is the meaning of the term "Gilded Age" coined by Mark Twain?

A period where massive wealth obscured deep political corruption and social inequality

What major trends characterized national politics in the United States from the 1870s to the 1890s?

Intense partisan division close elections high voter turnout and patronage-fueled political machines

Which four issues dominated national politics during the Gilded Age?

Tariff rates currency supply civil service reform and corporate trust regulation

What made the presidential election of 1896 significant?

Republican victory permanently aligned the federal government with industrial capitalism over agrarian Populism

How did global developments affect U.S. agricultural expansion in the late 1800s?

Global market integration caused overproduction declining crop prices and farmer debt

What was the main idea of Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis?

Westward expansion and free land shaped American democracy individualism and national character

Which characteristic defined the cattle farming and mining frontiers in the West?

Heavy reliance on eastern and foreign capital corporate consolidation and subsidized railroads

Explain the difference between preservation and conservation as expressed in the late 1800s.

Preservation protected pristine nature from humans while conservation advocated sustainable resource management

How did late 1800s white Americans predominantly view Native Americans and how did it influence interactions?

Viewed as obstacles to civilization leading to violent removal reservations and forced assimilation

How did U.S. Indian policy change in the 1880s culminating in events like the Dawes Act and Wounded Knee?

Shifted to forced assimilation privatization of tribal lands and violent suppression of resistance

What changes and challenges occurred in the "New South" following Reconstruction?

Remained reliant on low-wage labor sharecropping and northern-controlled resource extraction despite industrialization efforts

What major challenges did African Americans face in the New South and how did they respond?

Faced Jim Crow disenfranchisement and lynching and responded by building institutions legally resisting or migrating

What organizations did farmers form in the late nineteenth century to respond to economic dislocations?

The Grange Farmers' Alliances and the Populist Party

Explain the purpose of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created following Supreme Court rulings on railroad regulation.

To regulate monopolistic pricing and discriminatory railroad rates

What demands did the National Farmers' Alliance make?

A subtreasury system for low-interest loans and state ownership of railroads

What were the primary causes of massive city growth in the U.S. during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Foreign immigration and rural-to-urban migration driven by centralized industrial labor

What major trends characterized local politics in U.S. cities during the 19th and 20th centuries?

Dominated by corrupt political machines trading social services for immigrant votes

How did geographic class distribution change in American cities in the late nineteenth century?

Mass transit let the wealthy move to suburbs leaving impoverished immigrants in dense urban tenements

Describe the attempts to reform urban life through the settlement house movement and the Social Gospel.

Provided social services and education to immigrants driven by Christian ethics to confront poverty

In what ways did Americans in the nineteenth century demonstrate their belief in a special global mission?

Pushing Manifest Destiny to expand democratic institutions and Protestant ideals globally

What did the debate over the annexation of Santo Domingo reveal about U.S. expansion?

Highlighted tension between desiring strategic naval bases and supporting republican self-determination

Describe the global context in which nineteenth-century U.S. expansion occurred.

An era of New Imperialism where European powers partitioned Africa and Asia for resources and markets

In what ways did American expansion in the 1890s reflect profit patriotism piety and politics?

Combined the search for overseas markets strategic naval interests domestic politics and a civilizing mission

What were the consequences of the Spanish-American War?

The United States defeated Spain and acquired an overseas empire including Puerto Rico Guam and the Philippines

Explain the primary argument made by the Anti-Imperialist League in opposition to imperialism.

Governing foreign peoples without consent violates the Declaration of Independence's republican principles

What were the causes and characteristics of the Filipino-American War?

Erupted from the refusal to recognize Philippine independence leading to a brutal guerrilla war with massive civilian casualties

What was a major characteristic of foreign policy during the Theodore Roosevelt administration?

Speaking softly and carrying a big stick by using military dominance to enforce U.S. hegemony

Describe the "taking" and building of the Panama Canal by the United States.

The U.S. backed Panamanian independence from Colombia to secure the canal zone for a massive engineering project

What was the significance of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?

Asserted the U.S. right to act as an international police power and intervene militarily in Latin America

What characterized American relations with China during the 1890s and early 1900s?

Pursued the Open Door Policy for equal trading access and to prevent China's partition by foreign powers

What characterized U.S. relations with Japan during the 1890s and early 1900s?

Geopolitical rivalry in the Pacific managed by diplomatic pacts like the Gentlemen's Agreement

What were the roots of the Progressive movement?

Anxiety over social political and economic inequities caused by unregulated capitalism and urbanization

Describe the global context in which progressivism occurred.

Reflected a transatlantic trend of using state power to regulate corporations and provide social welfare

How did the muckrakers contribute to the progressive movement?

Investigative journalists who exposed corruption monopolies and poverty to mobilize reform

What issues involving women and children did progressives work to address?

Implementing child labor laws maximum working hours for women and state-funded welfare programs

How did the arguments for women's suffrage develop over the nineteenth century?

Shifted from equal natural rights to emphasizing women's moral purity and role in cleaning up politics

Describe the work done by progressives to address urban problems such as saloons and brothels.

Sought moral regulation leading to alcohol prohibition and prostitution criminalization

How did the nature of industrial work change in the first decades of the twentieth century?

Scientific management deskilled labor dictated production pace and alienated workers

What did the Triangle Shirtwaist fire demonstrate about industrial labor and what corrective actions did it produce?

Showed the horrors of unregulated industry leading to strict workplace safety and factory inspection laws

How did the organizing activities of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) differ in the early 1900s?

The AFL organized skilled white craftsmen while the IWW organized all workers including unskilled and marginalized

In what ways did progressives produce reform on the local and state levels?

Implemented direct democracy measures like initiative referendum and recall to empower voters

Summarize Theodore Roosevelt's progressive policies regarding trusts.

Distinguished between good and bad trusts selectively using the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up bad ones

How did Progressivism tend to privilege white people?

Tolerated racial segregation ignored Black disenfranchisement and frequently used eugenics-based logic

Describe the differences between Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois on Black rights.

Washington accepted segregation for gradual economic uplift while Du Bois demanded immediate political equality and higher education

Characterize the William Howard Taft presidential administration regarding progressivism.

Pursued many antitrust suits but alienated progressives by compromising on tariffs and dismissing conservationists

Compare and contrast Roosevelt's New Nationalism and Wilson's New Freedom from the 1912 election.

Roosevelt wanted a powerful state to regulate monopolies while Wilson wanted to dismantle monopolies to restore free-market competition

Explain the reasons for the creation of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Trade Commission.

To stabilize the national banking system and prevent unfair anti-competitive business practices

What were the primary limitations of progressivism?

Reliance on elitism capacity for social control and failure to challenge white supremacy or Jim Crow

Which of the following best summarizes the causes of the Great War?

Nationalism imperial rivalries arms races and rigid alliances leading to war after an assassination

How did Americans initially react to the Great War and what were the difficulties of neutrality?

Initial neutrality was difficult due to economic ties with the Allies and German submarine warfare

Describe American intervention in Mexico and Central America during the Wilson administration.

Wilson used military force to secure economic interests and dictate political outcomes notably invading Mexico

Summarize the issues and outcome of the presidential election of 1916.

Wilson narrowly won re-election campaigning on his progressive record and the slogan He kept us out of war

What events directly led the United States to abandon neutrality and enter the war on the side of the Allied Powers?

Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare and the interception of the Zimmermann Telegram

How did the Wilson administration treat dissenters critics and German Americans during the war?

Passed Espionage and Sedition Acts suppressing anti-war speech and tacitly encouraging vigilante violence against German Americans

What were the characteristics of the experiences of U.S. soldiers in the Great War?

Trench warfare devastating artillery chemical weapons and massive casualties from disease

What contributions did U.S. soldiers make to winning the war for the Allies?

Provided a decisive influx of fresh manpower and resources that broke the exhausted German military

Describe the domestic impact of WW2 for the United States.

Expansion of federal economic regulation the Great Migration and women entering industrial roles

What was Wilson's plan for peace called the Fourteen Points?

A post-war vision of free trade open diplomacy national self-determination and a mutual security organization

What political mistakes did Wilson make when he went to Europe for the Versailles peace conference?

Alienated the Senate by failing to include Republicans in his peace delegation

Why was Article 10 of the League of Nations controversial for many U.S. senators?

Feared usurpation of congressional powers leading to endless war

What events signaled the failure of Wilson's peace plans following the Great War?

The Senate's rejection of the Treaty of Versailles and refusal to join the League of Nations