A&P Lecture exam 1

What is inductive reasoning?

Specific observations → General conclusions

What is hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

Form a hypothesis and test it.

What is a scientific fact?

Information that can be independently verified.

What is a scientific law?

Describes how nature behaves.

List the levels from largest to smallest.

Organism → Organ System → Organ → Tissue → Cell → Organelle → Molecule → Atom

What is reductionism?

Understanding a system by studying its parts.

What is holism?

Understanding a system as a whole.

What are the 3 components of a feedback loop?

Receptor → Control Center → Effector

What is a receptor?

Detects change

What is a control center?

Makes decisions.

What is an effector?

Carries out response.

What is negative feedback?

Reverses a change

Ex: Sweating when hot

What is positive feedback?

Amplifies a change.

Ex: Childbirth

What is a coronal (frontal) plane?

Divides body into front and back.

What is a transverse plane?

Divides body into upper and lower.

What is a midsagittal plane?

Divides body into equal left and right halves.

What is a sagittal plane?

Divides body into unequal left and right portions.

What is an oblique plane?

Diagonal cut through body.

What is the appendicular region?

Arms and legs.

What is the axial region?

Head, neck, trunk.

What is in the vertebral canal?

Spinal cord

What is in the thoracic cavity?

Heart and lungs.

What is in the abdominal cavity?

Digestive organs, kidneys

What is in the pelvic cavity?

Bladder, reproductive organs, rectum.

What are the two layers of a serous membrane?

Parietal and Visceral.

What does the parietal layer do?

Lines cavity wall

What does the visceral layer do?

Covers organs

What is serous fluid?

Lubricating fluid between layers

Serous membrane of the heart?

Pericardium.

Serous membrane of the lungs?

Pleura

Serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Peritoneum

What are the 3 middle regions?

• Epigastric

• Umbilical

• Hypogastric

What regions are lateral to the epigastric region?

Right and Left Hypochondriac

What regions are lateral to the umbilical region?

Right and Left Lumbar.

What regions are lateral to the hypogastric region?

Right and Left Iliac.

What is a trace element?

An element present in very small amounts but essential for life.

What is a mineral?

An inorganic element obtained from the soil and passed through the food chain.

What are the six most abundant elements in the body?

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus.

What is ionization?

Transfer of electrons between atoms

How is an ionic bond formed?

Attraction between a cation and an anion

What is a compound?

Molecule made of different elements.

What is an isomer?

Molecules with the same formula but different structures.

What is a covalent bond?

Atoms share electrons.

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

Electrons shared equally.

What is a polar covalent bond?

Electrons shared unequally.

What is a hydrogen bond?

Weak attraction between hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen

Why are hydrogen bonds important?

Help shape proteins, DNA, and hold water molecules together.

What is solvency?

Ability to dissolve substances.

What is cohesion?

Water sticking to water.

What is adhesion?

Water sticking to other substances.

What is hydrophilic?

Water-loving; dissolves in water.

What is hydrophobic?

Water-fearing; does not dissolve.

What is a decomposition reaction?

AB → A + B

What is a synthesis reaction?

A + B → AB

What is an exchange reaction?

AB + CD → AC + BD

What is metabolism?

All chemical reactions in the body

What is catabolism?

Breakdown reactions that release energy.

What is anabolism?

Building reactions that require energy.

What is a macromolecule?

Large organic molecule

What is a monomer?

Small building block.

What is a polymer?

Chain of monomers

What is dehydration synthesis?

Joins monomers by removing water

What is hydrolysis?

Breaks polymers by adding water.

What are the 3 important monosaccharides?

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Three important disaccharides?

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

Three important polysaccharides?

Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose

Function of glycogen?

Energy storage in animals.

Function of starch?

Energy storage in plants.

Function of cellulose?

Dietary fiber

What is a glycolipid?

Lipid with carbohydrate attached.

What is a glycoprotein?

Protein with carbohydrate attached

What are proteoglycans used for?

Joint lubrication, cartilage support, holding tissues together.

What is a saturated fatty acid?

Only single bonds

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

Only single bonds

What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

Contains multiple double bonds

Structure of a triglceride

3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

Function of triglycerides

Energy stroage

Main source of saturated fats

Animal fats

Main source of unsaturated fats

Plant oils

Structure of phospholipid

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group

What does Amphipathic mean

Has hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

Which part is hydrophobic

Phosphate head

Which part is hydrophobic

Fatty acid tails

Structure of a steroid?

4 interconnected carbon rings.

Parent steroid molecule?

Cholesterol.

Examples of steroids?

Cortisol, Estrogen, Testosterone, Progesterone

“Good” Cholesterol

HDL

“Bad” Cholesterol

LDL

Why is HDL good?

Helps prevent cardiovascular disease

What is LDL bad?

Contributes to cardiovascular disease

Parts of an amino acid?

Amino group, Carboxyl group, R group.

What is a peptide bond?

Bond linking amino acids.

What is conformation?

Three-dimensional shape of a protein.

What is denaturation?

Shape change that destroys protein function

Primary structure?

Amino acid sequence.

Secondary structure?

Alpha helix or beta sheet held by hydrogen bonds

Tertiary structure?

Overall 3D folding.

Quaternary structure?

Multiple polypeptide chains joined together.

Structural proteins?

Keratin, Collagen

Communication proteins?

Hormones, receptors