Exam 2 Anatomy and Physiology

The skin cancer most likely to metastasize is cancer of the

melanocytes

A true statement concerning skin cancer

Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

What complications might be anticipated from the loss of large areas of skin surfaces?

inability to regulate temperature, Increased mitotic activity within basal cells, infection, skin tightening, and excessive fluid loss

Which layer of tissue is damaged in a first-degree burn?

epidermis

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?

by assigning percentages to the body covered by 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree burns.

This layer of the epidermis contains living cells with plentiful keratinocytes, keratohyalin and water-resistant glycolipids.

Stratum granulosum

This layer of the epidermis contains cells sticky desmosome proteins and with sufficient space between them for phagocytes to wander freely looking for pathogens and cellular debris.

Stratum spinosum

A dendritic, or Langerhans, cell is a specialized

phagocyte.

The composition of the secretion of an eccrine gland is what?

Mostly water, and small amounts of salts and urea/uric acid

The outermost layer of the hair which contains keratinocytes arranged in a shingle-like pattern is called the

cuticle

What kind of tissue is the forerunner (is the template) of long bones in the embryo?

Hyaline cartilage

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the:

Osteoblast

Which of the following is implicated in osteoporosis in older women?

Estrogen deficiency due to menopause

Wolff's law is concerned with:

the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on (and determined by) stresses placed upon it

You are counseling a patient with osteoporosis about strategies for avoiding fractures. Which of the following comments would NOT be appropriate?

"You should avoid weight-bearing exercise and strength training because these types of exercise will further weaken your bones."

A?

Sebaceous Gland

B?

Lamellar Corpuscle

C?

Hair Root

D?

Arrector pill muscle

E?

Eccrine sweat gland

The arrow in the diagram in pointing towards the

Lunula

The ______ the ligament fibers of a syndesmosis, the ______ the degree of movement

longer; greater

A?

Periosteum

B?

Synovial Joint Cavity

C?

Articular cartilage

D?

Fibrous Layer / Joint Capsule

E?

Synovial membrane

What type of axial movement does joint 1 have?

multiaxial

Identify synovial joint 6 by name

Condyloid

Identify synovial joint 3 by name

Hinge

On the basis of structural classification, which is a fibrous joint?

syndesmosis

Why does your skin remain red after a bad sunburn?

Inflammation causes increased blood flow.

Why would a third-degree burn be less painful than a first- or second-degree burn involving the same body area?

destruction of underlying pain receptors

Which layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue?

C

Layer B is composed primarily of ______

areolar connective tissue

Which of these is NOT a function of the layer at D?

to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis

What is the function of the structure at A?

to lubricate hair and prevent infection

Which structure is a type of sweat gland?

C

The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or paint thinner, because they ________

can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes

The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is ________

the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels

A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient?

Anemia

Overactive sebaceous glands can cause...

seborrhea, a disease characterized by red, itchy lesions on the scalp.

You have learned that tape or adhesive bandages must be removed carefully from the skin on patients who are elderly to avoid tearing their fragile skin. What accounts for the fragility of their skin?

There are fewer collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis as we age, contributing to wrinkling and increased susceptibility to tearing of the skin.

Your patient is upset to learn that the biopsy of a lesion on her skin is consistent with basal cell carcinoma. She has heard that skin cancer can be deadly. Which response to her distress is most appropriate?

Basal cell carcinoma rarely spreads to other tissues. Removal of the lesion is curative in 99% of cases.

Liliana's epidermal layer has been damaged. Which statement best explains the significance of this damage?

It's significant because the cells of the epidermis protect against evaporative water loss, UV radiation, and infection. It indicates that her blood is low in oxygen.

Short bone

Flat bone

Irregular bone

Long bone

Which of the following pairs of terms is mismatched?

sternum: long bone

Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children?

calcitonin

PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?

calcitriol

Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels? (Which one of the following is FALSE?)

stimulates increased osteoblast activity

Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels?

calcitriol

     Osteoid-producing osteoblasts must rely on this organelle to produce primary structures leading to the formation of collagen and calcium-binding proteins.    

Ribosomes

Which of the following contributes most directly to the hardness of bones?

hydroxyapatite

Which bone-forming process is shown in the figure?    

endochondral ossification

Which structure is seen at the arrow?    

 bone collar        

The arrow in the figure is pointing to which of the following structures?

the epiphyseal plate  

The structure indicated by the arrow is composed primarily of what tissue?    

hyaline cartilage

What event at letter B leads to elongation of the bone?    

chondrocyte hypertrophy and deterioration

During bone growth, which significant event occurs at the surface indicated by the letter D?    

bone resorption        

Which of the following correctly pairs the structure at C with its primary component?    

periosteum; dense irregular connective tissue        

What material makes up most of the structure at A?    

hyaline cartilage        

In which of the labeled parts of the adult long bone would hematopoietic tissue be located?    

B

What is the term for the layers of bony matrix surrounding the vessels and nerve?    

lamellae

When assessing Liliana's condition relative to her tibia fracture after the open reduction, the nurse will be especially alert for signs of which of these problems?

Infection.

You're talking with Liliana before her release from the hospital due to a fracture. Which of her statements indicates the need for further patient education?

"The only supplement I should need would be calcium, so I will take a calcium supplement every morning."

Your patient is returning for follow-up 6 weeks after sustaining a nondisplaced fracture of his radius. He tells you that his forearm is no longer painful, but he is concerned that he can palpate a "lump" in the bone at the site of the healing fracture. What is your response?

"That bump is a normal part of bone healing at this stage. As your body completes the process, the cells in your bone will gradually remodel it to its previous shape."

You are counseling a patient with osteoporosis about strategies for avoiding fractures. Which of the following comments would NOT be appropriate?

"You should avoid weight-bearing exercise and strength training because these types of exercise will further weaken your bones."

1. In uniaxial movement at the elbow joint, the movement allowed is ____ and ____

flexion; extension

2. Examples of uniaxial movement permitted at the surfaces of bones can be found at these two articulations, _____ and _____

distal humerus to proximal ulna; proximal ulna to radius

The atlas to axis joint would exhibit

Rotation

Which of the following represents a correct statement about multiaxial joints?

Movement in more than two axes is permitted in a multiaxial joint.

     What element of fibrous joints gives the joint its ability to resist stretching and control the amount of movement at the joint?    

Collagen fibers

Which factor is likely to most likely to protect against shoulder dislocation?

rotator cuff muscles

Which joint has most notably sacrificed stability to provide great freedom of movement?

shoulder

A joint held together by fibrocartilage would be classified as a __________ joint.

cartilaginous

What factor does not contribute to the strength and stability of a synovial joint?

synovial fluid

Dislocation of a joint is a common orthopedic problem. Which of these joints is MOST likely to be dislocated?

Shoulder (glenohumeral)

Which of the following joint problems is the result of an autoimmune problem?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Babies are often born with a slightly misshapen head that corrects itself over time. However, in some children suffering from craniosynostosis, the sutures fuse too early and either surgical intervention or corrective helmets must be worn to help correct the problem. Which set of sutures would most likely be affected if the child's head was too short in the anterior-posterior dimension and too tall in the forehead region?

The coronal sutures