Anatomy & Physiology 1: Chapter 7 bones

4 Curvatures of Vertebral Column:

•Cervical curvature (secondary)

•Thoracic curvature (primary)

•Lumbar curvature (secondary)

•Sacral curvature (primary)

vertical skeleton forms ________________

vertical axis of skeleton

what does the vertebrae do?

•Supports head and trunk, permits several types of movements

•Protects spinal cord in vertebral canal

how many bones in vertebral column in infant compared to adult?

•33 separate bones in infant, 26 in adult

cervical 1 is called what? function?

Atlas

supports head, articulates with occipital condyles

cervical 2 is called what? does what?

Axis

Atlas pivots around the dens of Axis

What is the difference between a cervical vertebrae and the others?

•Smallest vertebrae

•Transverse foramina: openings for arteries leading to brain; only found on cervical vertebrae

what is found on C2 and C6?

Bifid spinous processes

what makes C7 different from the other cervical vertebrae?

•Vertebral prominens: C7, spinous process is longer than those of other cervical vertebrae

Thoracic vertebrae -how many? where? what do they do?

12

Found in chest region

•Larger than cervical vertebrae

•Articulate with ribs

•Long, pointed spinous process, slopes downward

Lumbar vertebrae -how many? where? what do they do?

5

•Found in small of back

•Large bodies

•Weight-bearing

•Thick, short spinous processes, almost horizontal

Sacrum-where? whats it made up of? forms what?

•Triangular structure at base of vertebral column

•Forms sacroiliac joints, which transmit body weight to legs

•Forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity

•Typically 5 fused vertebrae:

•Median sacral crest: Fused spinous processes of vertebrae

•Posterior sacral foramina: Openings for blood vessels and nerves

•Sacral promontory: Projection at upper margin

•Sacral canal: Formed by vertebral foramina

•Sacral hiatus: Opening at inferior tip of sacrum

Coccyx-where? whats it made up of?

•Tailbone

•Usually 4 fused vertebrae

•Fuse between ages of 25 and 30

Vertebral Column consists of:

•7 cervical vertebrae

•12 thoracic vertebrae

•5 lumbar vertebrae

•5 fused sacral vertebrae form sacrum

•4 fused coccygeal vertebrae form coccyx

What is Herniated or Ruptured (protruding) disc?

break in the outer portion of an intervertebral disc; compresses spinal nerves, causing numbness, pain, loss of muscle function

What is Spondylolisthesis?

results from vertebra sliding out of place over the vertebra beneath it; very painful

What is Kyphosis?

exaggerated thoracic curvature of the spine; rounded shoulders and hunchback; caused by poor posture, injury, disease

What is Scoliosis?

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine; one shoulder or hip may be lower than the other, leading to compression of visceral organs

What is Lordosis?

exaggerated lumbar curvature of the spine; swayback

What are Compression fractures?

fractures of vertebral bodies become more common with age, as intervertebral discs become rigid and shrink; back may bow due to accentuated curvature

Paranasal sinus- what are they? what do they do?

•Air-filled cavities found in some cranial and facial bones

•Reduce weight of skull and increase intensity of voice

Frontal bone is roof of what?

roof of nasal cavity, roofs of eye orbits

Occipttal condyles articulate with what?

Atlas - Cervical 1

Temporal bones form what?

Form sides and base of cranium, floors, and sides of orbits

Mandibular fossa articulates with what?

with mandibular condyles

Two muscle attachment sites in skull?

•Mastoid process: Muscle attachment site

•Styloid process: Muscle attachment site

What does the Zygomatic bone do?

Helps form cheek prominence and zygomatic arch

Sphenoid bones- what does it form, and what does it include?

•Forms base of cranium, sides of skull, floors and sides of eye orbits

•Sella turcica holds pituitary gland

•Contains sphenoid sinuses

Ethmoid Bone-where is it? what does it form?

•Lies in front of sphenoid

•Forms roof and walls of nasal cavity, floor of cranium, wall of eye orbits

-•Ethmoidal air cells together form ethmoidal sinuses

Crista galli does what?

•Crista galli holds membranes that enclose brain

Maxilla forms what? what does it include?

•Form upper jaw, anterior roof of mouth (hard palate), floors of eye orbits, sides and floors of nasal cavity

•Alveolar processes hold upper teeth

•Maxillary sinuses are the largest sinuses

what does the palatine process do?

•Fuse along midline to form most of hard palate

what is cleft palate?

•Cleft palate is result of incomplete fusion of palatine processes during fetal development

which are scrolled shaped bones?

Inferior Nasal Conchae (2):

Largest of the conchae

Inferior Nasal Conchae

Ramus projects which way

projects upward on each side

coronoid is attached to what?

attaches to chewing muscles

What does the aveolar process do?

Alveolar process holds lower teeth

what does the mandibular foramen do?

•Mandibular foramen admits blood vessels and nerves for lower teeth

-allows blood vessels and nerves to emerge in chin area

Characteristics of Infantile Skull? What makes it different from adult?

•Incompletely developed at birth

•Small face, large orbits, prominent forehead

•Small nasal cavity and jaw Sinuses are not completely formed

•Bones are thin and flexible

what are fontanels? what do they do?

•Fibrous membranes that connect cranial bones, where intramembranous ossification is incomplete

•Allow skull to change shape slightly during birth

•Four major fontanels close between 2 months and 2 years of age

Male vs Female Pevlis (7)

Female pelvis:

•Functions as birth canal

•Iliac bones more flared

•Pelvic cavity wider than male

•Pubic arch angle greater

•More distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities

•Sacral curvature shorter and flatter

•Lighter in weight

Male pelvis:

•Less flared

•Heavier in weight

Fissured Fracture

Fissured - incomplete longitudinal break

Comminuted Fracture

a complete shatter of bones, making fragments

Green stick

incomplete, and the break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bones

Oblique Fracture

Occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone

Transverse Fracture

Occurs at a right angle to the axis of the bone

spiral fracture

caused by excessive twisting of a bone

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