Digestive

Which of the following terms describes the movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tract?

A. compaction

B. absorption

C.ingestion

D.excretion

E.secretion

B

The correct order of the digestive tube layers, from lumen outward, is:

(1)

mucosa

(2)	muscular layer

(3)

serosa

(4)

submucosa

A.3, 1, 2, 4

B.4, 1, 2, 3

C.1, 4, 2, 3

D.1, 4, 3, 2

E.4, 2, 3, 1

C

Regarding the histological organization of the digestive tract, the ________ is a layer of dense, irregularly arranged connective tissue that surrounds the muscularis mucosae.

A.adventitia

B.mucosa

C.serosa

D.submucosa

E. muscular layer

D

For the majority of the GI tract, which layer(s) of the wall contains smooth muscle?

A.submucosa and muscular layer

B. adventitia/serosa

C.muscular layer and serosa

D.mucosa and muscular layer

E.mucosa and adventitia/serosa

D

Contraction of smooth muscle in the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves the epithelial pleats and folds.

A. muscularis mucosa

B. mucosa

C.myenteric neural plexus

D.mesocolon

E.submucosa

A

The areolar connective tissue found deep in the epithelial lining of the digestive tract is called ________.

A.basement membrane

B.lamina propria

C.adventitia

D.plica

E.mucosa

B

In areas where the digestive tract is not covered in serosa (pharynx, esophagus, and rectum) it is covered by a dense network of collagen fibers known as which of the following?

A.adventitia

B.peritoneum

C.myenteric neural plexus

D.submucous neural plexus

E.mucosa

A

Peristalsis ________.

A.consists of waves of muscular contractions that move along the length of the digestive tract

B.is a condition wherein the lining of the digestive tract is irritated by the passage of rough fibrous material

C.is the same as segmentation

D.is a muscular movement pattern that occurs in regions of the digestive tract where the smooth muscle fibers are not arranged in layers

E.only occurs in the esophagus

A

The digestive function of compaction takes place in the __________.

A.large intestine

B.esophagus

C.mouth

D.small intestine

A

The __________contains two layers of smooth muscle that provide movement for peristaltic and segmentation contractions.

A.muscularis externa

B.serosa

C.muscularis mucosae

D.submucosa

A

If pacesetter cells in the smooth muscle of the GI tract were destroyed, which of the following would occur?

A.Muscles that masticate food would no longer function.

B.Peristaltic and segmentation contractions would slow or cease.

C.Food would move too rapidly through the GI tract, preventing the adequate absorption of nutrients.

D.Saliva production would be diminished because there would be no regulation of production in the salivary glands.

B

Indigestible material is dehydrated and compacted in the __________.

A.large intestine

B.stomach

C.liver

D.small intestine

A

Bile is stored and concentrated in the __________.

A.pancreas

B.liver

C.small intestine

D.gallbladder

D

Chemical digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids occurs in the __________.

A.small intestine

B.stomach

C.pancreas

D.liver

A

Which of the following functions is NOT performed by the digestive system?

A.filtration of blood

B.elimination of wastes

C.mechanical processing

D.secretion

A

Compared to the movement of peristalsis, segmentation __________.

A.produces movement that breaks up materials but doesn't move those materials forward

B.happens primarily in the esophagus

C.moves materials in a backward direction, rather than a forward direction

D.occurs only when food enters the area where segmentation is the normal motion, but not until then

A

The ________ prevents extreme movements of the tongue; however if it is too restrictive, the individual cannot eat or speak normally.

A.frenulum of upper lip

B.hyoglossus

C.genioglossus

D.lingual frenulum

E.uvula

D

Projections on the dorsum of the tongue, some of which house taste buds, are the ________.

A.papillae

B.septa

C.lingulae

D.frenulum

E.taste buds

A

The largest salivary gland is which of the following?

A.palatine

B.parotid

C.sublingual

D.pharyngeal

E.submandibular

B

About 70 percent of the saliva originates in the ________ salivary glands.

A.palatine

B.submandibular

C.pharyngeal

D.parotid

E.sublingual

B

The hardest biologically manufactured substance in the body is ________.

A.dentine

B.pulp

C.bone

D.cementum

E.enamel

E

Canines are also called ________.

A.incisors

B.molars

C.wisdom teeth

D.bicuspids

E.cuspids

E

How many deciduous teeth are usually present?

30

32

10

20

40

20

Which type of epithelium lines the oral cavity, the pharynx, and the esophagus, where foods can cause friction?

A.pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

B.simple columnar

C.simple squamous

D.stratified squamous

D

Salivary amylase is a digestive enzyme that is produced by the __________ and that breaks down __________.

A.sublingual glands, DNA

B.parotid glands, carbohydrates

C.submandibular glands, lipids

D.stomach, proteins

B

During the late phase of the swallowing process, the approach of the bolus triggers the opening of the weak ________, and the bolus then continues into the stomach.

A.ileocecal valve

B.pharyngeal constrictor

C.glottis

D.lower esophageal sphincter

E.pyloric sphincter

D

Food that is going to reach the stomach has to pass through which portions of the pharynx?

A.oropharynx and nasopharynx

B.nasopharynx and laryngopharynx

C.oropharynx and laryngopharynx

D.Food going to the stomach would normally pass through all of these portions.

C

The mucosa of the esophagus contains an abrasion-resistant ________.

A.pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

B.simple, branched tubular glands

C.connective tissue

D.nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

E.inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers

D

Folds in the lining of the esophagus __________.

A.provide additional surface area for the attachment of the serosa

B.allow for the expansion of the lumen as food is passing through

C.contain skeletal muscle for controlled contraction during swallowing

D.ccommodate the expansion of the trachea

B

Slides of the esophagus often also include cross-sections of the trachea because of their close proximity. What features could you use to distinguish between the two organs?

A.The esophagus has a stratified squamous mucosa, whereas the trachea is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

B.The esophagus has a large open lumen for the passage of food boluses, whereas the trachea does not.

C.The esophagus contains a thick outer serosa designed to hold it in place in the thoracic cavity.

D.The esophagus contains mucus-producing glands, whereas the trachea has none

A

Which portion of the stomach opens into the duodenum?

A.fundus

B.cardia

C.pyloric canal

D.cardiac orifice

E.body

C

The stomach mucosa contains numerous shallow depressions called ________.

A.pyloric glands

B.gastric cardia

C .gastric pits

D.intestinal glands

E.gastric glands

C

Which feature provides protection for the interior surface of the stomach against the acids and enzymes in the gastric lumen?

A.the shallow depressions called gastric pits

B.chief cells of the deepest portions of a gastric gland

C.the esophageal sphincter

D.the carpet of mucus secreted by the columnar epithelium, which covers the luminal portions of the stomach

E.the rapid rate of mechanical mixing of the stomach contents, which exposes the lining to chyme for only a short time

D

Parietal cells, chief cells, and G cells are major components of which structure?

A.gastric glands

B.gastric folds

C.serosa

D.gastric pits

E.villi

A

Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and ________.

A.gastrin

B.pepsinogen

C.intrinsic factor

D.pepsin

E.mucus

C

Which of the following is the deepest muscular layer of the stomach?

A.longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

B.circular layer of smooth muscle

C.muscularis mucosae

D.oblique layer of smooth muscle

E.adventitia

D

The ________ is the region of the stomach, which extends to the entrance to the duodenum and whose muscular sphincter regulates the passage of materials into the duodenum.

A.antrum

B.pylorus

C.ileum

D.body

E.cardia

B

The chief cells near the base of a gastric gland secrete ________, which is converted by the acids in the gastric lumen to an active proteolytic enzyme.

A.intrinsic factor

B.secretin

C.cholecystokinin

D.rennin

E.pepsinogen

E

Which of the following disappear(s) as the stomach fills?

A.lesser curvature

B.rugae

C.plicae

D.pyloric antrum

B

The addition of a third muscle layer in the stomach __________.

A.contracts to force additional production of stomach acid

B.creates the force needed to push food from the stomach to the duodenum

C.allows the stomach to expand so that additional food can be consumed

D.allows for greater complexity of stomach contractions

D

The longitudinal folds in the stomach mucosa are called __________.

A.villi

B.intestinal crypts

C.lacteals

D.rugae

D

The deepest layer of muscle in the wall of the stomach is the __________.

A.longitudinal layer

B.circular layer

C.oblique layer

D.transverse layer

C

Constriction of the pyloric sphincter would prevent material from entering the __________.

A.pyloric canal

B.stomach

C.small intestine

D.fundus of the stomach

C

The lateral surface of the stomach is formed by the __________.

A.greater curvature

B.lesser curvature

C.pylorus

D.cardia

A

The lining of the small intestine bears a series of transverse folds called ________, which are a permanent feature of the intestinal lining.

A.teniae coli

B.intestinal villi

C.circular folds

D.haustra

E.rugae

C

Sympathetic innervation of the digestive system ________.

A.relaxes sphincters along digestive tract

B.promotes gastric activity

C.stimulates peristalsis

D.stimulates digestive gland secretions

E.inhibits gastric activity

E

The longest portion of the small intestine is the ________.

A.jejunum

B.ileum

C.colon

D.duodenum

E.cecum

B

Which of the following increases the surface area for digestion and absorption in the mucosa of the small intestine?

A.rugae

B.lacteals

C.teniae coli

D.microvilli

E.omenta

D

The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in which subdivision of the small intestine?

A.cardia

B.ileum

C.pylorus

D.jejunum

E.duodenum

D

Which subdivision of the small intestine is connected to the pylorus?

A.cecum

B.jejunum

C.duodenum

D.ileum

E.body

C

Intestinal glands contain ________ cells which are responsible for the production of several intestinal hormones.

A.enteroendocrine

B.mucous

C.parietal

D.oxyntic

E.chief

A

Lacteals are found in which layer of each villus of the small intestine?

A.myenteric plexus

B.submucosa

C.lamina propria

D.adventitia

E.serosa

C

Which of the following structures functions to increase the surface area of the small intestine for the purpose of increasing its absorptive abilities?

A.the submucosal plexus

B.the lacteal

C.the plicae

D.the intestinal crypt

C

Which statement regarding the histology of the large intestine is TRUE?

A.There is no longitudinal muscle layer present.

B.Lymphoid nodules are not present.

C.The large intestine lacks villi.

D.There are fewer goblet cells in the large intestine compared to the small intestine.

E.The wall of the large intestine is thicker than that of the small intestine.

C

Seeds and other small particles may become entrapped in the appendix and cause inflammation in which portion of the large intestine?

A.rectum

B.sigmoid colon

C.cecum

D.transverse colon

C

Problems caused by reduced bile secretion may include ________.

A.constipation

B.decreased protein digestion in the jejunum

C.appendicitis

D.decreased intestinal motility

E.a reduced ability to digest lipids

E

The pancreatic ducts secrete buffers such as ________.

A.magnesium bicarbonate

B.calcium carbonate

C.potassium chloride

D.sodium chloride

E.sodium bicarbonate

E

Which of the following are functions of the gallbladder?

A.breakdown of erythrocytes

B.storage and modification of bile

C.secretion of gastrin

D.storage of lymph

E.secretion of cholecystokinin

B

Structures that unite to form the common bile duct include:

(1)	duodenal ampulla

(2)	porta hepatis

(3)	cystic duct

(4)	common hepatic duct

(5)	duodenal papilla

A.3, 4

B.2, 4

C.1, 2, 3

D.1, 2

E.1, 3, 5

A

The basic functional unit of the liver is (the) ________.

A.stellate macrophages

B. falciform ligament

C.hepatocyte

D.urinipherous tubule

E.lobule

E

Which hepatic vessel supplies nutrients and other chemicals absorbed from the small intestine to the liver?

A.hepatic vein

B.hepatic portal vein

C.sinusoid

D.central vein

E.hepatic artery proper

B

The accessory pancreatic duct empties into which structure?

A.duodenum

B.stomach

C.jejunum

D.cecum

E.ileum

A

Which of the following organs is NOT associated with the production or use of bile?

A.small intestine

B.stomach

C.gallbladder

D.liver

B

Which organ receives the blood returning from the digestive tract (stomach, small and large intestine) carrying absorbed nutrients?

A.the liver via the hepatic portal vein

B.the pancreas via the superior mesenteric vein

C.the heart via the inferior vena cava for distribution to the rest of the body

D.the spleen via the splenic vein

A

Which of the following is likely to occur if Ty, after moving to Mississippi from Maine, begins to consume a diet that is very rich in fats and oils?

A.Bile levels will increase, thereby increasing the risk for gallstone development.

B.The liver will draw in more proteins and carbohydrates than normal.

C.Levels of CCK in the body will rapidly decline.

D.Levels of gastrin in the stomach will increase.

A

The pancreas is an organ whose activities are primarily devoted to the __________.

A.production of enzymes to assist in digestion and absorption of nutrients

B.production of adrenaline to aid the body in responding to a crisis situation

C.production of hormones to regulate blood sugar levels

D.breakdown of wastes for efficient elimination by the kidneys

A

The pancreas produces a large number of the enzymes used to perform chemical digestion of the foods we eat. Where do these enzymes enter the alimentary canal?

A.the duodenum at the hepatopancreatic ampulla

B.the large intestine at the haustra

C.the jejunum at the plicae

D.the pylorus of the stomach at the pyloric sphincter.

A

During the aging process, the ________ in the digestive epithelium divide less frequently so tissue repair is less efficient.

A.keratinocytes

B.melanocytes

C.stem cells

D.Merkel cells

E.Langerhans cells

C

Aging may be detrimental to the function of the digestive tract because ________.

A.cancer rate decreases

B.the effects of cumulative damage become apparent

C.the rate of epithelial stem cell division increases

D.aged cells and tissues are more efficient at tissue repair

E.the tone of the smooth musculature increases

B

Diarrhea is the result of insufficient reabsorption of water. Where does most of the reabsorption of water occur in the digestive tract?

A.colon

B.duodenum

C.esophagus

D.stomach

A

What is the serosa?

A.the outermost layer of the intestinal wall

B.the layer between the muscularis externa and the muscularis mucosae

C.the muscular layer of the intestinal wall

D.the innermost layer of the digestive wall

A

The lamina propria is made up of what tissue?

A.simple squamous epithelium

B.smooth muscle

C.stratified squamous epithelium

D.areolar

D

Which of the following ducts join to form the bile duct?

A.right and left hepatic ducts

B.cystic duct and pancreatic duct

C.common hepatic duct and cystic duct

D.pancreatic duct and common hepatic duct

C

Bile and pancreatic juices empty into the __________.

A.liver

B.duodenum

C.stomach

D.large intestine

B

The pancreas lays __________.

A.superior to the gallbladder

B.posterior to the stomach

C.in the curve formed by the sigmoid colon

D.to the right of the duodenum

B