RAD 200 Respiratory system & Digestive system anatomy

Breathing is controlled by what?

Central nervous system

Respiration is made possible by what?

Ventilation & healthy lung tissue perfused by blood

detects the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide
concentrations and signals the muscles in the heart, the lungs and diaphragm to increase or decrease the breathing

Medulla oblongata

controls the speed of inhalation and exhalation or respiration
rate depending on the need of the body (respiratory rate)

The pons

what do Lungs and Kidneys maintain?

pH balance

In the pulmonary circulation carry deoxygenated blood?

Pulmonary arteries

In the pulmonary circulation what returns oxygenated blood to
heart?

Pulmonary Veins

Where does gas exchange occur?

Pulmonary capillaries

Oxygen inhaled from the air is exchanged with carbon dioxide

External Respiration (You + Enviroment)

The exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells

Internal Respiration

Inhaled and exhaled air passes through what?

Respiratory tract

where does the upper respiratory tract end?

Above the vocal cords

Where does the lower respiratory tract begins

at the vocal cords and extends down

Diaphragm contracts, causing air to be sucked into the lungs

Inspiration

Diaphragm relaxes, forcing air out of the lungs

Expiration

During which respiration does the chest cavity expands

Inspiration

During which respiration does the chest cavity become smaller

Expiration

Symptoms of Respiratory Disorders Include:

Chest pain

Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) and shortness of breath

Hemoptysis (spitting up blood)

Dysphonia (hoarseness)

Chills and low- or high-grade fever

Wheezing

Fatigue

What disease Can infect the nose and pharynx or
larynx and various areas of lungs?

Common Cold

The symptoms for a common cold depend on what?

Depend on the virus that caused the cold

What are symptoms for the common cold?

Nasal congestion and discharge, sneezing, watering eyes, sore throat, hoarseness of the voice and coughing

About how many different viruses can cause a common cold?

200 different viruses

W/in how many should a common cold clear up?

4-5

What drug helps dry up nasal secretions, diminish itchy or watery eyes, and decrease flare from allergic reactions from a common cold

Antihistamines

What induces induce vasoconstriction of blood
vessels in the nose, throat, and sinuses that can be useful w/ a common cold

Decongestants stimulate adrenergic receptors

what sinuses are most commonly involved w/ sinusitis

Frontal & Maxillary

what are some symptoms for sinusitis ?

Headache, pain, drainage, and tenderness

What causes sinusitis?

viral, fungal, or bacterial infections

what can treat sinusitis?

Saline and corticosteroid nasal sprays

Broad-spectrum antibiotics and decongestants

Antihistamines and oral corticosteroids

Whare does the digestive system start?

Mouth

mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down into a form your body can absorb and use

Saliva

where does Saliva come from

The parotid, submandibular & sublingual glands

Located in your throat near your trachea, receives food from
your mouth when you swallow & delivers the food to the stomach

Esophagus

What are the muscular contractions that help food travel through the esophagus

Peristalsis

What is the stomach responsible for ?

Responsible for the breakdown process of food

What in the stomach help w/ the breaking down of food?

Cells in the lining of the stomach which secrete a strong
acid and powerful enzymes

What is the Acid and enzyme that make up the gastric juice in the stomach?

Acid→ Hydrochloric acid

Enzyme→ Pepsin

The small intestine breaks down food using enzymes released from where?

Pancreas & bile from the liver

What part of the small intestine is responsible for the continuous breakdown of food?

Duodenum

What parts of the small intestine are responsible for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream

Jejunum & Ileum

How is food moved & mixed w/ digestive secretions in the small intestine?

Peristalsis

Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover-food residue liquid has passed through the small intestine what happens next?

moves on to the large intestine, or colon

What does the Pancreas do?

Secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum

What do the pancreatic enzymes do?

break down protein, fats, and carbs

What does the pancreas also secrete directly into the bloodstream?

Insulin

What’s the largest organ in the body?

Liver

What’s the main function of the liver in the digestive system?

To process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine

The bile from liver that is secreted into the small intestine important in doing what?

Digesting fats

Why is the liver know as the chemical factory ?

it takes the raw materials absorbed by the intestine and makes all the various chemicals the body needs to
function.

What other function does the liver have?

Detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals. Breaks down & secretes many drugs

What’s the role of the GB?

Store and concentrate bile

Where does GB release bile into & what does it do?

To the duodenum to help absorb & digest fats

a small opening in the duodenum, where the pancreatic and
bile ducts join and empty their digestive juices into the small
intestine

Ampulla of Vater

A 6-foot long muscular tube that connects the small intestine to the rectum

Large intestine

What parts make up the large intestine?

1. Cecum

2. Ascending colon (right)

3. Transverse Colon (across)

4. Descending colon (Left)

5. Sigmoid (Connects to rectum)

A small tube attached to the cecum

Appendix

Highly specialized organ that is responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy and convenient

Large Intestine

An 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus

Rectum

What’s the job of the rectum?

Receive stool from the colon, to let the person know that there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens

What is the last part of the digestive system?

Anus

A 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external)

Anus

The lining of the upper anus is specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets you know what?

Whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid