CH7

Memory

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Information Processing Model

Encoding —> Storage —> Retrieval

Encoding

The processing of getting info into thememory system

Storage

The process of retaining encoded information overtime

Retrieval

The process of getting info out of memory storage

Stages of forming memories

Sensory memory—>Working/short term memory—> Long term memory stage

Sensory memory

The immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Working short term memory

Briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored )encoded through rehearsal) or forgotten.

long term memory storage

the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system; includes the knowledge, skills and experience.

Who made up the stages of forming memories

Atkinson And Shiffrin 1968, 2016

Explicit memory

Automatic processing of info in the cerebellum and basal ganglia (conscious recall of facts and events like birthdays)

Implicit Memory

processed in the hippocampus and frontal lobes (skills and conditioned responses ex. riding a bike)

you know how

Implicit memory recall

you know that

explicit memory recall

Sensory memory

Very brief snapshot of sensory info before it is processed in short or long term memory

Iconic memory

visual sensory memory (0.5 sec)

echoic memory

auditory sensory memory (3-4 sec)

working/short term memory

about 7 bits of info ± 2

what affects capacity

Attention

Distractions

Chunking

Stress

chunking

improves encoding, by organizing items into familiar manageable units often automatic—grouping info

Mnemonics

improves encoding, memory aids especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices—memory aids

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention and is achieved through massed study or practice—aka study over time

testing effect

improves encoding by enhancing memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information—practice retrieval

making meaning

improves encoding by using self reference effect becuz personally relevant info is easiest to remember and reduces encoding errors

area of the brain stores explicit memory

hippocampus & frontal lobes

area of the brain stores implicit memory

cerebellum & basal ganglia

cerebellum

stores classical condition

basal ganglia stores

motor skill implicit memories

hippocampus stores

temp stores strong explicit memory

Cortex/Frontal lobes

memory consolidation for long term memory occurs

The amygdala:

Processes emotions (especially fear) and Strengthens emotional memories (That’s why emotional events are easier to remember)

stress

stress increases stress hormones provokes amygdala and boosts brians memory forming areas

flashbulb memories

a clear memory of an emotionally sig moment or event

To measure retention

recall, recognition, relearning

recall

retrieving info out of a storage and into you conscious awareness—fill in the blank

recognition

identifying items you previously learned—multi choice

relearning

learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time

retrospective memory

remembering events from the past, previously learned information

prospective memory

remembering to perform actions in the future

Priming

exposure influences response

Context-dependent memory

when our memories are context dependent and are affected by the cues we have associated with that context

state dependent memory

where our mood can modify memories

Serial Position Effect

the tendency to recall best the last and first times in a list (last items are still in working memory, and first items are rehearsed more)

Primacy

remember beginning

Recency

remember end

Anterograde amnesia:

can’t form new memories

Retrograde amnesia:

lose old memories

why do we forget

encoding failures, storage decay, retrieval fail

Encoding fails

where nothing was processed,what we don’t notice can be impacted by age

storage decay

fades over time, when the memory is not used, recalled/restored

retrieval fail

can no longer access memory, may stem from interference or motivated forgetting

Proactive interference/forward acting

occurs when an oder memory makes it difficult to remember new info (old info blocks new info)

Retroactive interference/backward acting

occurs with new learning disrupt you memory of older info (new info blocks old)

positive transfer

when previously learned info facilitates our learning of new info (old info helps new learning)

Motivated forgetting

an idea associated w/ sigmund freud and psychoanalysis that our memory systems self sensor or repress painful or unacceptable memories to protect our self-concept and to minimize anxiety

Reconsolidation

a process with previously stored memories when retrieved are potentially altered before stored again

Elizabeth Loftus

demonstrated that eye witnesses reconstruct their memories when questioned aftera crime or accident

Misinformation effect

false info alters memory

Source amnesia

forget where info came from