Lab Midterm Biology Study Guide

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering anatomical terminology, body planes, abdominal regions, and histology (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues) as prepared for a lab midterm exam.

What is the function of the Frontal plane?

It is a section through the body dividing it into anterior and posterior parts.

What is the purpose of the Median (midsagittal) plane?

It divides the body into equal right and left halves.

What does a Transverse plane divide?

It divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

What is the anatomical term for the nose?

Nasal

What is the anatomical term for the neck?

Cervical

Which anatomical term refers to the chin?

Mental

What is the anatomical term for the point of the shoulder?

Acromial

Which term refers to the armpit?

Axillary

What is the anatomical term for the front of the elbow?

Antecubital

What is the anatomical term for the thumb?

Pollex

What is the anatomical term for the great toe?

Hallux

Which posterior anatomical term refers to the back of the head or base of the skull?

Occipital

What is the posterior anatomical term for the back of the elbow?

Olecranal

Which posterior term refers to the loin area?

Lumbar

What is the term for the region between the anus and external genitalia?

Perineal

What is the anatomical term for the calf?

Sural

Which term refers to the heel of the foot?

Calcaneal

What is the term for the sole of the foot?

Plantar

Which abdominal region is located directly superior to the umbilical region?

Epigastric region

What is the name of the abdominal region located directly inferior to the umbilical region?

Hypogastric (pubic) region

Which regions are located lateral to the epigastric region?

Right and left hypochondriac regions

Which regions are located lateral to the hypogastric region?

Right and left iliac (inguinal) regions

What are the defining structures of Simple Columnar Epithelium?

Simple columnar epithelium, nucleus, microvilli, and goblet cells secreting mucus.

In what specific location can Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium be found?

Lumen of uterine tube

What type of epithelium is commonly found in the lumen of a sweat gland duct?

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

How is Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium described in the notes?

It consists of pseudostratified columnar epithelium, nuclei, goblet cells, and cilia.

What are the primary components of Dense Regular Connective Tissue?

Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastin fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast.

What is the function of Dense Regular Connective Tissue?

Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction.

What are the primary locations of Dense Regular Connective Tissue?

Tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses.

What characterizes the matrix of Bone (osseous tissue)?

Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae; very well vascularized.

What are the three specific labels to know for a cross-sectional view of bone at $70 \times$ magnification?

Central canal, Lacunae, and Lamella

Where is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)?

Marrow inside bones

What structures are identified as part of Spongy Bone?

Red bone marrow, Trabecula, Osteocytes within lacunae, Osteoblasts, and Osteoclasts.

What three components are visible on a blood slide?

Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Leukocytes (neutrophils).

What is the alternative name for Red Blood Cells?

Erythrocytes

Name the five types of White Blood Cells (WBCs) mentioned in the study guide.

Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Lymphocyte, and Monocyte.

What is the description of Adipose tissue at $450 \times$ magnification?

Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet.

What are the functions of Adipose tissue?

Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs.

Where is Adipose tissue typically located in the body?

Under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts.

What are the main components of Nervous tissue illustrated at $100 \times$ magnification?

Neurons (branching cells), cell processes, cell body containing the nucleus, and nuclei of supporting (neuroglial) cells.

What is the function of Nervous tissue?

Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity.

Describe the appearance of Smooth Muscle cells.

Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets.

What is the function and control type of Smooth Muscle?

Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control.

What are the physical characteristics of Skeletal Muscle?

Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations (banding pattern).

What type of control does Skeletal Muscle have and what is its function?

Voluntary control; used for voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, and facial expression.

Describe the unique features of Cardiac Muscle cells observed at $800 \times$ magnification.

Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions called intercalated discs.

Where is Cardiac Muscle found and what is its function?

Located in the walls of the heart; as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation under involuntary control.

What are the three primary layers of skin structure?

Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue).

Which structures are located in the dermis layer of the skin?

Dermal papillae, Meissner's corpuscle, Sebaceous (oil) gland, Arrector pili muscle, Eccrine sweat gland, and Pacinian corpuscle.

According to the guide, what are the four main classifications of tissue?

Epithelial, Muscular, Nervous, or Connective.