Tourism Exam 3

Tourism and Politics 

• Politics: How ______ are made; “Politics is about ______, who gets what, where, how, and why.”

• Generally, it affects how decisions concerning the use of scarce _______ are made. 

• The development of tourism often leads to political ______ and tug-of-war among constituent groups.

decisions, power, resources, debates

Government's Role in Tourism 

• Collect Tourism ________ 

• ________ Tourism Business 

• ________ Tourism Destination 

• Developing Tourism _____ and _______

• _____ and manage important tourism resources/businesses 

• e.g., U.S. National Park System

statistics, regulating, promoting, policy, planning, own

Tourism Planning 

• Planning: _______ the future, setting ______, and outlining and implementing a ______ needed to attain objectives 

• The ______ usually must take the responsibility for tourism planning, often conducting the necessary research as input to planning. 

predicting, objectives, actions, government

Tourism Planning Elements 

• ______ of development 

• Size of infrastructure and ______

• Targeting of ________ efforts 

• Enhancement and preservation of _______, natural and man-made 

timing, superstructure, promotional, resources

Stakeholder Management 

• Tourism planning conducted with _______ engagement usually results in a better tourism product 

• However, it is difficult to maximize all stakeholder groups’ _____ and _____

stakeholder, wants, needs

Stakeholders in Tourism Planning 

• Tourism business ______

• Employees 

• ____-tourism business owners, employees 

• Government officials 

• Taxpayers 

• _____ residents 

• Tourists

owners, non, local

Social and Cultural Impact of Tourism 

What do we mean by _________

• Society is a community, nation, or broad grouping of people who have ______ traditions, institutions, activities, and interests. 

• Culture is the ______ of a society; its customary beliefs, social roles, and material objects that are passed down from _______ to generation. 

sociocultural, common, practices, generation

The host community 

R________, e_______ s_______, i________, and n_____ r_______

Residents, economic system, infrastructure, and natural resources

Sociocultural benefits of tourism 

• A___________ 

• Sharing of tastes and different ways of ______

• Can generate interest in supporting native arts 

• Improved standard of ______ , especially for _____ and _____ people (developing countries)

• Preservation of the area’s natural and ______ sites 

acculturation, thinking, arts, living, women, young, historical

Acculturation 

• Acculturation explains the process of _____ and psychological ______ that results from the interaction between ______

• Bi-__________ 

• Often has a greater effect on ____ residents than _____ , as they are exposed over the ______ term. 

cultural, change, cultures, directional, host, tourists, long

4 Types of Acculturation 

Assimilation, Separation, Integration, Marginalization

Individuals adopt the cultural norms of a dominant or host culture over their original culture. 

Assimilation

Individuals reject the dominant host culture in favor of preserving their culture of origin, is often facilitated by immigration to ethnic enclaves.

seperation

Individuals can adopt the cultural norms of the dominant or host culture while maintaining their culture of origin, leads to, and is often synonymous with, biculturalism.  

Integration

Individuals reject both their culture of origin and the dominant host culture

Marginalization

Negative acculturation outcomes 

• ______

  • Acculturation is thought to impact health by affecting levels of _____, access to health _______, and _______ towards health. 

  • Often see negative impacts on health behaviors and outcomes by host cultures. 

• L______

• F____ 

Health, stress, resources, atttitudes, host, language, food

Positive Acculturation Outcomes 

• Open-______

• Sensitivity to cultural ______

• Expanded _______

mindedness, norms, worldview

Types of tourism that create positive change 

Farm-based tourism, Volunteer tourism, Backpacking, Educational Tourism

Farm-Based tourism 

• Farms are usually _______ owned 

• Farms produce something besides the tourism ________ 

• The tourist interacts with hosts and, in some cases, provides a ______ for them

• W_______

locally, product, service, woofing

Backpacking 

• Usually, _____ and ______-minded individuals or groups traveling for _______ periods of time 

• Tendency to socialize within the ______ rather than with other types of travelers 

• Flexible travel ______ and travel parties that can change ________

• Usually prefer small-scale, ______ owned accommodations 

• Usually make _______ travel arrangements 

• Usually have a desire to interact with _____ individuals or groups. 

young, budget, extended, group, itineraris, impulsively, locally, independent, local

Volunteer Tourism 

• A variety of experiences that involve individuals or groups undertaking ____ or ___________ work in a destination for no ___________ 

• Usually associated with some environmental, social, or religious NGO 

• Volunteer tourism usually provides ______ benefits for the social or natural environment in which it occurs (e.g., housing, education, medical care). Volunteer tourism projects usually partner with ______ residents, individuals, or groups, providing ___________ contact. 

• Examples: Habitat for Humanity or Gibbon Rehabilitation Project in Thailand

social, environmental, compensation, tangible, local, intercultural

Education tourism 

• Can include summer _____, semesters abroad, or years abroad

• Very few students identify themselves as ______ 

• However, international students usually undertake _______ activities, utilize transportation, etc. 

• Educational tourist interacts directly with host _______ residents/other students 

• Many of the activities done by educational tours are activities that ____ residents engage in 

• Educational tourists usually stay in homes/apartments/dorms that are ______ owned 

abroad, tourists, tourism, community, local, locally

Doxey’s Irridex 
More Tourists = more ______ feelings

doxey’s, negative

 Visitors are welcome and their little planning 

• Antagonism 

  • Open expression of irritation and planning is remedial, yet promotion is increased to offset the deteriorating reputation of the resort.

Euphoria

Visitors are taken for granted, and contact becomes more formal 

Apathy

Saturation is approached, and the local people have misgivings. Planners attempt to control by increasing infrastructure rather than limiting growth. 

Annoyance

Open expression of irritation and planning is remedial, yet promotion is increased to offset the deteriorating reputation of the resort.

Antagonism 

_____________ Effect 

• Perception of all tourists as ______ 

• ______ of tourists’ material goods 

• Especially likely to create desires in _______ 

• Disproportionate wages from tourism as compared to _______ occupations.

Demonstration, wealthy, envy, youth, traditional

Criminal Activity 

• Towards _____

  • Pickpocketing 

  • Exortation 

  • Violent Crime 

• Towards locals 

  • _______

tourists, anomie

Bad (s>x) Tourism 

• Often _____, but it is a serious problem across the globe 

• It goes both ways 

• Leads to human ______ and other criminal activities

ignored, trafficking

Negative social effects of tourism 

• Introduction of _________ activities 

  • _______, prostitution, and drug use

• ______ Tension 

  • Especially when there are vast racial ________ between hosts and guests 

• Development of a ______ attitude 

• __________ of local arts and crafts  

undesirable, gambling, racial, differences, servile, trinketization

Economic Impact of Tourism

Tourism is a powerful economic force providing __________, foreign ______, ______, and ____ revenue.

The generators of economic impact for a destination are ______, their _______, and the ________ effect

employment, exchange, income, tax

vistors, expenditures, multiplier

The ____ is always ranking #1 in ___________ tourism 

US, international

Tourism destinations are becoming ______

• More destinations are looking at tourism to become the new ________ generator

competitive, economic

Unique Characteristics of Tourism 

• An _______ _______ industry 

• The product of tourism is ______ and _______ at the very same _____ in the very same _______

• How is tourism different from other industries? 

  • Tourism requires _______ sectors to survive 

  • A ________ industry 

    • A highley _______ export 

    • Subject to strong ________ variations and unpredictable ________ forces 

invisisble, export, produced, consumed, instant, place, ancillary, fragmented, unstable, seasonal, external

Benefits of Tourism 

• What are the advantages of tourism? 

  • The tourism ______ country has a greater degree of ______ over prices for the product than it does for other products 

  • Tourism adds ______ to the destination country’s economy 

  • Tourism can provide foreign ______ to offset the travel _______. 

  • It has a quicker _______ __ ______ than the traditional economic sector and industries

exporting, control, diversity, exchange, deficit, return on investments

Positive Economic Impact of Tourism 

• Increased ________ _________

• Increased ___ base 

• Stimulate __________ activity

• Increased __________

regional income, tax, entrepreneurial, employment

Increased Regional Income

• Export economy (tourism flows)

• Foreign exchange earnings

• Balance of payment

  • Tourism _______ are those expenditures made by tourists in _______ countries

    • y=C+I+G+(x-m)

      • Y = ______ ________ ________ (GNP)

      • C = _______ ________

      • I = _________

      • G = __________ _________

      • X = _________

      • M = ______

imports, foreign, gross national product, consumer expenditures, investment, government expenditures, exports, imports

Tourism Flow

Export

E.g., the USA exports tourism to Korea

Tourists

USA —----------------------------> Korea

Payment

___________- is the country that is getting money, and that is getting travelers

exporting

Stimulate entrepreneurial activity

• _____ Businesses 

• Investment in __________ and ____________ by the government stimulates investment in _________ businesses.

small, infrastructure, superstructure, smaller

Increased Employment 

• Direct 

  • Employment generated in the _______ industry 

    • hotels, restaurants, airlines, cruise lines, and resorts 

  • Who are in ______ with tourists and _______ the tourist experience 

    • Examples  

• Indirect 

  • People working in activities that at times are dependent on tourism, and include professionals who are less _________ but still ______ from tourism and travelers 

  • Employees of firms providing goods and services to the forest employment firms, such as aircraft manufacturers, construction firms, and restaurant suppliers 

• Induced 

  • The additional employment in wrestling from the effects of the tourism multiplier, as residents ____-_____ the additional money they have earned 

• ___________ Effect 

• Economic Multiplier 

  • The _____ impact of tourism expenditure: The _______ spends money in _____ enterprises and providing a living for the owners and managers, and creating jobs for employees 

  • The ________ or multiplier impact: the visitor expenditures give rise to an ________ that, in turn, leads to a ______ of expenditure-income-expenditure and so on, until _________ bring the chain to a halt 

    • Leakage - not supporting the local economy anymore - it goes somewhere else.

tourism, contract, provide, dependent, benefit, re-spend, multiplier, economic, direct, visitor, tourist, indirect, income, chain, leakages

Negative Economic Impact of Tourism 

1. Over ________ on Tourism 

2. _______/overpriced land 

3. Economic _____ (Import/Labor)

dependence, inflation, leakage

Over __________ on Tourism 

• A very important reason relates to the ________ of demand for tourism 

• The demand for tourism depends largely on the ______ and the ______ of tourists (beyond the control of the host region)

• _______ forces (beyond the control of the host region)

• _______ 

  • Off-season periods result in serious ___________ 

  • Severe economic and social effects on the ____ region 

  • External costs 

    • If the tastes of the people in the tourist-generating area change, they decide to travel to a new destination, tourism in the old area will decline, causing economic and social problems.

dependence, source, income, taste, external, seasonality, unemployment, host

Inflation/Overpriced Land

• _____

  • E.g., near the beach, food prices at restaurants

• _____ Values

  • Tourism generates additional demand for land

• Other (Insurance, education, etc. )

Food, land

Economic Leakage 

• ________

  • The way in which revenue generated by tourism is lost to other _________' economies

  • Economic multiplier, the cycle was stopped as the money is lost to the ______ economy: when leakage was occurred 

• Savings and imports 

  • If we spend the money outside our country for _____, obviously it does not stimulate the economy locally 

  • Not stimulating the economy

Leakage, countries, local, imports

How can tourism help the Environment 

• ________

• _________

• ________ 

• Financing of _______ activities

management, education, appreciation, preservation

______ Capacity 

• The actual _____ of users can be ________ in a region 

• Number of quality of ____, Parking Lots 

physical, number, accommodated, raods

_______ Capacity 

• Number of users an area can accommodate before visitors ______ a decline in ________ 

• ________ perceived by each individual

aesthetic, perceive, desirability, subjectively

________ Capacity 

• Maximum  number of users an area can accommodate before ecological _____ is incurred 

• Often dependent on the type of ____ and ______

ecological, damage, use, activtity

Tourism ________ 

• Tourism development requires a ___________ of infrastructure: roads, ports, and airports, utilities 

______________ 

• Those facilities ______ associated with serving _______’ needs: welcome centers, hotels - restaurants, attractions 

infrastructure, foundation, superstructure, directly, visitors

Negative Environmental Impacts 

• Land _______ 

• Air _______ 

• ________ pollution 

• Destruction of flora and fauna and _______ sites 

• _______ change

erosion, pollution, noise, heritage, climate

Possible Solution: __________ 

• Responsible travel to natural areas that conserve the ____________ and improve the well-being of ______ ______  

• Ecotravelers generally desire to mingle with local people and have _______ filled by _______ in the culture’s ________ ways 

• Puts a specific focus on the natural environment and ______ _____ – ecotoursts strives to leave the destination in ________ shape when they leave than when they arrive 

ecotourism, environment, local people, needs, locals, traditional, giving back, better

Ecotourism 

• Fits inside both _________ tourism and ______-based tourism - as they overlap. 

Ecotourism Principles 

• Take nothing but _______ 

• Leave nothing but _______

sustainable, nature, pictures, footprints

Where did sustainability come from? 

• The _________ Report popularized the term sustainable development in the late _____

• “Development that meets the needs of the ________ without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own _____”

• Endorsed by the _____ ______ and adopted by many organizations

Brundtland, 1980s, present, needs, United Nations

Sustainable Tourism 

• Defined by _________

• Tourism that wisely uses and conserves resources to maintain its long-term _________ 

• Focuses on _______ and _______ needs 

• Balance between ______, ______, and ______.

UNWTO, viability, present, future, profit, planet, people

Three parts of sustainability (Chair)

• Environmental Representative 

• Sociocultural Acceptable 

• Economic Viable