SOCY230 FINAL

prosocial behavior

broad category of actions that is beneficial to others and has positive social consequences

helping

prosocial behavior that has the consequence of providing some benefit to or improving the well-being og another person

altruism

helping someone without expecting a reward

antisocial behavior

aggressive, violent, or destructive behavior

feeling good as a reward

intended and foreseeable outcome; you can foresee feeling good and acting prosocially

• whether you acted prosocially in order to feel good is key

Why do people do good?

• egoism - get something out of it

• altruism - empathic concern

• evolution - helps kin survive

bystander effect

less likely to help if there are more people around (diffusion of responsibility)

social responsibility norm

cultural imperative that you should help those that are dependent on you

norm of reciprocity

cultural imperative in which you help others that have helped you and not help those who didn’t help you

personal norms

personal imperative based on internalized values

deviance

thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that violate the norms that apply in a given situation

labeling theory

deviance is a consequence of a social process in which a negative characteristic becomes an element of an individual’s identity

primary deviance

initial act that causes others to label the individual as deviant

secondary deviance

occurs after an individual accepts the deviant label and continues to commit deviant acts, thus supporting the initial label

what makes delabeling difficult?

internal conflicts, situational constraints, structural forces

stigma

attribute that is deeply discrediting in an interaction

passing

ways in which people make efforts to manage the information about an undisclosed stigma

covering

the ways of downplaying a stigma during interaction, often to reduce tension for others

anomie

a sense of “normlessness,” where there is little consensus about what is right and wrong, especially during times of great change

social strain theory

argues that deviance occurs naturally as a result of social conditions in which socially acceptable goals cannot be obtained through legitimate means

social control theory

proposes that deviance results when individuals’ bonds with conventional society are weakened some way

learning structure

an environment in which an individual can learn the information and skills required

opportunity structure

an environment in which an individual has opportunities to play a role, which usually requires the assistance of those in complimentary roles

differential association theory

one group may see a behavior as deviant while another group does not

routine activities perspective

third class of influences, how these behaviors emerge from routines of everyday life

deviant subculture

a group of people whose norms encourage participation in deviance and who regard positively in those who engage in it

deterrence hypothesis

the arrest and punishment of some individuals for violations of the law deters other persons from committing the same violations

interpersonal attraction

positive attitude held by one person toward another person

availables

pool of potential friends and lovers

What factors affect field of available?

institutional structures and personal characteristic

mere exposure effect

repeated exposure to the same novel stimulus is sufficient to produce a positive attitude towards it

norm of homogamy

friends, lovers, and spouses must be similar in age, race, religion, and socioeconomic status

attractiveness stereotype

an attractive person would have other desireable traits

matching hypothesis

we look for someone who has the same level of social desirability as ourselves

comparison level

average experience of past relevant relationships

comparison level of alternatives

least satisfying outcomes we are willing to accept considering the available alternatives

attitudinal similarity

sharing of beliefs, opinions, likes, dislikes

shared activities

important to create shared experiences and provide opportunities for positive reinforcement

self-disclosure

revealing personal info

trust

belief that a person is honest or benevolent

dyadic withdrawal

increasing reliance on one person for gratification and decreasing reliance on others

passionate love

a state of intense physiological arousal and intense longing for union with one another

chaos theory

relationships can shift suddenly and are difficult to predict

unequal outcomes

ratio of contributions to perceived outcomes is unequal between romantic partners

unequal commitment

involvement in the relationship is unequal

romantic love ideal

a set of beliefs regarding love

four attributes of a group

membership, interaction among members, goals, shared norms

illusion of out-group homegeneity

everyone in the outgroup is alike

ultimate attribution error

negative dispositional attributions for negative out-group traits and positive traits for ingroup

biased evaluations

evaluate in group performance more positively than outgroup

superordinate goals

goals that cannot be achieved without support of the other group

group cohesion

desire to maintain in a group and not leave it

goal isomorphism

state in which group goals align with personal goals

majority influence

group’s majority pressures an individual member to conform

normative influence

member conforms to expectations to receive social rewards or avoid punishment

informational influence

a group member accepts information from others as valid evidence about reality

intergroup conflict

conflict between groups

realistic group conflict theory

gain and loss from objectives, leading to frustration, attributions, and solidarity

ethnocentrism

centering your own group as everything and more superior

minimal group paradigm

arbitrary or trivial distinctions between in-group and out-group causes group processes

group processes

how individuals interact in groups

collective tasks

task that cannot be achieved without participation of group members

status characteristics

social attributions becomes a basis for evaluation and leads to power and prestige order (status hierarchy)

diffuse status characteristics

influence ideas about general competence

specific status characteristics

influence ideas about task competence

status generalization

process by which status outside a group affects status in a group

status value

high or low status

social exchange theory

rewards motivating action, dependence on interaction create structures of power

forms of exchange

negotiated, reciprocal, chain-generalized

equity theory

percieved rewards are proportional to perceived costs

distributive justice

“socially just” allocation of rewards

procedural justice

“socially just" procedure to allocate rewards