La casa/The house

Le caratteristiche personali/Personal characteristics

Sogni e desideri/Dreams and wishes

I problemi sociali/Social problems

EXAM 2 BIO 106 USFCA

Short Answer Long Answer Topics Natural resources Renewable v non-renewable Flow resources Ecological footprint Types of Industry Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Basic v non- basic industries Multiplier effect Using Natural Resources Three Rs: Recycling, Reusing & Reducing How can individuals, government and industries rethink how they use resources? Industries in Canada (Key info) Forestry Farming Fishing Mining Oil & Gas Water Manufacturing Global Trade & Globalization Outsourcing Manufacturing towns 7 factors for manufacturing Free trade Tariff, Protectionism US- Canada Trade, USMCA (formally NAFTA) Disclaimer: All course material is subject to assessment content. The guide helps to focus on key topics. Natural Resources: Renewable V Non-renewable: (Definition) Renewable resources: resources that can be regenerated if used carefully. Ex. Solar energy, Wind energy, Water (hydropower), Geothermal energy, Biomass (plants/wood). (Definition) Non - Renewable resources: resources that are limited and cannot be replaced once they are used up. Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Nuclear fuel (uranium), Metals like copper or iron (they exist in limited amounts). (Definition) Flow Resources: resources that are replaced by natural actions and must be used when and where they occur or be lost. Ex. Sunlight, Wind, Flowing water (rivers), Ocean waves, Tides. Ecological footprint: Definition: An ecological footprint is the amount of land and resources needed to support how people live. Key Points: It includes how much energy, food, and water people use. More consumption means a bigger footprint. A smaller footprint is better for the environment. Types Of Industry: Primary Industry: (also called extractive industry) an industry that focuses on producing or extracting natural resources. This sector includes forest industries, agriculture, mining, and fishing. Ex. Farming, Fishing, Mining, Forestry (logging), Oil and gas extraction. Secondary Industry: an industry that focuses on making things using the products of primary industries. This sector includes manufacturing, construction, and utilities (the provision and distribution of electricity, water, natural gas, etc.). Ex. Car manufacturing,Food processing (factories), Construction (building houses), Clothing factories, Steel production. Tertiary Industry: (also called service or services-providing industry) an industry that focuses on providing services. This sector includes “everything else” that is not included in the primary and secondary industries. Ex.Teaching, Healthcare (doctors, nurses), Retail workers (stores), Transportation (bus drivers, taxi drivers), Restaurants and food services. Quaternary Industry: Special kinds of services--highly specialized knowledge- based or technological services. Research and development departments, computer programmers, accountants etc. Examples include research and development departments, computer programmers, accountants etc. OR Ex. Research and development (scientists in labs), Computer programming / software development, Accountants and financial analysts, Data analysis / big data specialists, Scientific consulting or technical advisory services. Basic V Non-basic Industries: (Definition) Basic Industry: A job that brings money into an economy from somewhere else. Example: manufacturing something in your hometown then selling it somewhere else (Definition) Non-basic Industry: A job that circulates money within an economy. Example: getting your haircut at a local barber (Definition) Multiplier Effect: the increase in total wealth or income that occurs when raw money is injected into an economy. Using Natural Resources: The Three Rs: Recycling, Reusing & Reducing: Reducing: The item is neither purchased nor produced in the first place. Fewer new items are produced. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: MOST Reusing: The item is used by someone else when you no longer want it. The environmental cost of manufacturing the item is avoided. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: MORE Recycling: The item is destroyed when you no longer want it, but the material in the item is recovered for reuse. The environmental cost of obtaining the raw materials for the item is avoided. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: SOME None of the 3Rs: The item is taken to a landfill or burned in an incinerator. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: NONE How can individuals, government and industries rethink how they use resources?: People, governments, and industries can use resources wisely through choices, laws, incentives, and technology to reduce waste, protect the environment, and improve life Industries In Canada (Key Info): Forestry: Forestry = managing forests for resources and sustainability Covers 32% of Canada, mainly Boreal Forest Challenges: climate change and wildfires Farming: Farming is renewable with sustainable practices Prairies = grains; Ontario = fruits/vegetables/livestock; Quebec = dairy/mixed Challenges: soil loss, erosion, farmland loss, climate change Fishing: Fishing is renewable and important for jobs and food Found on coasts, inland, and Arctic regions Challenges: overfishing; solutions: sustainable practices Mining: Minerals are non-renewable and essential for technology Canada develops partnerships to secure critical minerals Sustainable use meets needs while reducing environmental impact Oil & Gas: Non-renewable: oil, gas, coal; cause greenhouse gases Oil = West Canada; Gas = BC; Coal = 300 million years old Renewable: wind, solar, hydro; more sustainable Water: Fresh water is drinkable, used for farming, industry, and energy Makes up ~2.5–3% of the world’s water and is renewable via the water cycle Canada has over 2 million lakes/rivers, with ~9% of the world’s freshwater Manufacturing: Outsourcing: Definition: Outsourcing is when a company moves part of its operation (e.g., manufacturing or IT support) to another country to take advantage of cheaper labour costs and/or less stringent labour and environmental controls. How does Outsourcing Impact the Canadian labour market?: It impacts the Canadian labour market because it eliminates jobs in Canada because companies move to other countries for cheaper labour. Manufacturing Towns: Definition: A Manufacturing Town is a town that develops primarily because of factories and manufacturing industries. Key Points: People move there for jobs in factories. The town’s economy depends on manufacturing. Often located near raw materials, transportation, or customers to make production easier. 7 Factors for Manufacturing: Factor: Location of Customers Key Takeaways: Companies prefer being close to customers Ensure deliveries arrive on time JIT helps deliver packages on schedule Factor: Proximity to Raw Materials Key Takeaways: Some prefer being near raw materials Raw materials are bulkier than finished goods Processed/frozen products are easier to ship Factor: Availability of Fresh Water and/or Power Key Takeaways: Reliable water and power needed for all manufacturers Aluminum production needs lots of cheap electricity Factor: Labour Supply Key Takeaways: Many products come from China or Bangladesh Skilled workers preferred over many unskilled workers Factor: Transportation Key Takeaways: Effective transportation needed for raw materials and products Method depends on speed and type of goods Factor: Political Factors Key Takeaways: Governments at all levels can influence location Financial incentives may encourage companies to locate in certain areas Factor: Circumstance Key Takeaways: Not all location decisions are logical Factors often focus on minimizing costs and improving efficiency Global Trade & Globalization: Free Trade: Definition: International trade without tariffs or other barriers to trade. Tariff, Protectionism: Tariff Protectionism means using tariffs (taxes on imports) to protect local businesses from foreign competition. Definitions: Tariff: A tax applied to imported goods that is designed to protect domestic manufacturers by making foreign goods more expensive. Protectionism: Protecting local industries, often by making imports more expensive. So together, it’s charging taxes on imports to help local businesses compete. US- Canada Trade, USMCA (formally NAFTA): Mr. Trump signed an updated trade deal called the Canada-United States- Mexico Agreement (CUSMA). CUSMA made it easier and cheaper for the three countries to trade goods and services. CUSMA makes trade cheaper between Canada, U.S., and Mexico Canada and U.S. are major trading partners; most Canadians live near the border Tariffs can backfire, hurting both economies and jobs (NAFTA INFO): NAFTA= trade deal between Canada, U.S, and Mexico that made trading goods and services easier and cheaper; replaced by CUSMA

NAFTA and USMCA

Financial Institutions: NAFTA and USMCA

Developed economies - USMCA

Chapter 14 - NAFTA & USMCA

ecutive Branch Study Guide Key Define: - Electorate - Treaty - people in a country or area who are entitled to vote in an election. - International agreement between two or more states in reference to peace, alliance, commerce, or other international relations - Signed by president but approved by Senate - State of the Union - Speech by the president given to both chambers of Congress - Gives a summary of the country - Bureaucracy - Large, complex administrative structure that handles the everyday business of an organization - Independent Agency - Additional agency outside of cabinet departments, with specialized functions - NASA, SSA, epa - Try to be bipartisan and out of politics, - Independent regulatory commission, - Has an economic focus - FCC, FRB, SEC - government corporation - USPS, amtrak - Department - Agencies of cabinet level rank - All of the cabinet departments Hierarchical Authority - Organization that is structured like a pyramid, with a chain of command running from the top down to its base - - Job Specialization - Each person has certain duties and responsibilities - Division of labor - Executive order - rule or order issued by the president to the executive branch of the government and having the force of law. - Law without the legislative branch Know - 8 roles of the president - Duties, examples, responsibilities - Chief Citizen - Representative of people of the USA - Visit locations of natural disasters - Chief of State - Acts as the ceremonial face of the nation - Has power in domestic and foreign affairs - Hands out medals - Chief Executive - Boss of the federal government departments/organization - Holding cabinet meetings - Commander in Chief - In charge of armed forces - Visits military bases - Economic Chief - Expected to help economy run smoothly - Meet with economic advisors - Meet with business leaders - Chief Legislator - Main architect of nation’s public policy - Signs or vetoes laws - Chief Diplomat - Conducts foreign policy - Meets with government officials - Chief of Party - Help to get members of party elected - Leader of the party - Speaking at rally for senate nominee - Formal qualifications of the President - 35 years old - Natural Born Citizen - Live in US for 14 years - Salary of the President - $400,000 - May not be changed during term - $50,000 expense allowance - Presidential Terms - Number allowed and amendment that established this - 2 terms - 22nd Amendment - What caused this? - FDR had been elected to 4 terms - Presidential Succession - Amendment number - 25 - Presidential disability - VP and Cabinet decide on president ability - First 5 people in order of succession - VP - Speaker of the House - President Pro Tempore - Secretary of State - Secretary of the Treasury - War Powers Resolution - Purpose - To limit the president’s war making powers after Vietnam - Check the powers of the president - 3 provisions - Must report scope of action to Congress within 48 hours - Must commit to ending in 60 days - Congress can withdraw troops at anytime - Examples of Undeclared Wars - Vietnam - Korea - Iraq - Foreign Policy - Goals: National security, promote peace, spread democracy, promote trade, provide aid - Treaties and Groups - NA TO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Peaceful relations in atlantic nations post WW2 - Military alliance - USMCA - United States Mexico Canada Agreement - Promote free trade in North America - UN - United Nations - Keep future nations out of war - Maintain peace and security - Job of the Vice President - Formal responsibilities - Be the President of the Senate - Take over/decide the case of Presidential Disability - Cabinet departments - What are they? Executive departments, top advisors to the president - ** Review what they deal with and what they do - - - Who must approve cabinet appointments? - Senate Features of a Bureaucracy - Hierarchical authority - Structured like a pyramid - Chain of command running from few at the top to many at the bottom - Job specialization - Everyone in the hierarchy has certain duties and responsibilities - Formalized rules - Work gets done according to a number of established procedures Checks and Balances of Executive branch - Purpose of Executive Orders - To push through agenda and policies without waiting for Congress - Must relate to how the executive branch operates or be a power of the president - Helps the president address a wide range of issue

Executive Branch Study Guide Define: Electorate Treaty State of the Union Bureaucracy Independent agency Know the different types and examples of them Department (Include Examples) Hierarchical authority Job specialization Executive ORders Know 8 roles of the president Duties, examples, responsibilities Formal qualifications of the President Salary of the President Salary and benefits Presidential Terms Number allowed and amendment that established this What caused this? How long can a president be in office? Presidential Succession Amendment number First 5 people in order of succession War Powers Resolution Purpose 3 provisions Examples of Undeclared Wars Foreign Policy Goals of Foreign Policy Foreign Policy throughout history Treaties and Trade/Peacekeeping Groups USA is involved in What are their purposes? NATO NAFTA/USMCA UN Job of the Vice President Formal Qualifications Cabinet departments What are they? (15) Who must approve cabinet appointments? Purpose of EO Executive Branch Study Guide Key Define: Electorate people in a country or area who are entitled to vote in an election. Treaty International agreement between two or more states in reference to peace, alliance, commerce, or other international relations Signed by president but approved by Senate State of the Union Speech by the president given to both chambers of Congress Gives a summary of the country Bureaucracy Large, complex administrative structure that handles the everyday business of an organization Independent Agency Additional agency outside of cabinet departments, with specialized functions NASA, SSA, epa Try to be bipartisan and out of politics, Independent regulatory commission, Has an economic focus FCC, FRB, SEC government corporation USPS, amtrak Department Agencies of cabinet level rank All of the cabinet departments Hierarchical Authority Organization that is structured like a pyramid, with a chain of command running from the top down to its base Job Specialization Each person has certain duties and responsibilities Division of labor Executive order rule or order issued by the president to the executive branch of the government and having the force of law. Law without the legislative branch Know 8 roles of the president Duties, examples, responsibilities Chief Citizen Representative of people of the USA Visit locations of natural disasters Chief of State Acts as the ceremonial face of the nation Has power in domestic and foreign affairs Hands out medals Chief Executive Boss of the federal government departments/organization Holding cabinet meetings Commander in Chief In charge of armed forces Visits military bases Economic Chief Expected to help economy run smoothly Meet with economic advisors Meet with business leaders Chief Legislator Main architect of nation’s public policy Signs or vetoes laws Chief Diplomat Conducts foreign policy Meets with government officials Chief of Party Help to get members of party elected Leader of the party Speaking at rally for senate nominee Formal qualifications of the President 35 years old Natural Born Citizen Live in US for 14 years Salary of the President $400,000 May not be changed during term $50,000 expense allowance Presidential Terms Number allowed and amendment that established this 2 terms 22nd Amendment What caused this? FDR had been elected to 4 terms Presidential Succession Amendment number 25 Presidential disability VP and Cabinet decide on president ability First 5 people in order of succession VP Speaker of the House President Pro Tempore Secretary of State Secretary of the Treasury War Powers Resolution Purpose To limit the president’s war making powers after Vietnam Check the powers of the president 3 provisions Must report scope of action to Congress within 48 hours Must commit to ending in 60 days Congress can withdraw troops at anytime Examples of Undeclared Wars Vietnam Korea Iraq Foreign Policy Goals: National security, promote peace, spread democracy, promote trade, provide aid Treaties and Groups NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Peaceful relations in atlantic nations post WW2 Military alliance USMCA United States Mexico Canada Agreement Promote free trade in North America UN United Nations Keep future nations out of war Maintain peace and security Job of the Vice President Formal responsibilities Be the President of the Senate Take over/decide the case of Presidential Disability Cabinet departments What are they? Executive departments, top advisors to the president ** Review what they deal with and what they do Who must approve cabinet appointments? Senate Features of a Bureaucracy Hierarchical authority Structured like a pyramid Chain of command running from few at the top to many at the bottom Job specialization Everyone in the hierarchy has certain duties and responsibilities Formalized rules Work gets done according to a number of established procedures Checks and Balances of Executive branch Purpose of Executive Orders To push through agenda and policies without waiting for Congress Must relate to how the executive branch operates or be a power of the president Helps the president address a wide range of issues

USFCA Archambeault Plant Nutrition and Transport

USMCA

USMCA

Issues: USMCA