Knowt
Coffee House Study Guide (unfinished)
WARNING: The majority of the following information (Sections “People” and “Concepts and Ideas”) are AI generated and have not be fact checked. (Use this resource with that in mind)
People
Adam Smith (1723-1790)
The Father of Modern Economics: Scottish philosopher and economist.
Key Works: The Wealth of Nations (1776) - Arguably his most famous work, it outlined the principles of capitalism, including the "invisible hand" of the market, where individual self-interest unintentionally benefits society.
Core Ideas: Advocated for free markets, limited government intervention, and individual liberty. Believed that competition and specialization would lead to economic growth and prosperity.
Impact: His ideas profoundly shaped modern economic thought and influenced the rise of capitalism and free-market economies worldwide.
Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)
Inventor of the Telephone: Scottish-born scientist and inventor.
Key Invention: The telephone (patented in 1876) revolutionized communication.
Other Contributions: Also worked on advancements in aviation, hydrofoils, and early forms of motion pictures.
Impact: Transformed how people communicate, connecting individuals and businesses across vast distances.
Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935)
The Dreyfus Affair: A Jewish French Army officer falsely accused of treason in 1894.
Impact: The case sparked a major political and social scandal in France, exposing antisemitism and flaws in the French judicial system. The Dreyfus Affair became a symbol of injustice and fueled the growth of the Zionist movement.
Baron Montesquieu (1689-1755)
French Political Philosopher: Known for his work The Spirit of the Laws (1748).
Key Ideas: Advocated for the separation of powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. This principle became a cornerstone of modern democratic systems.
Impact: His ideas profoundly influenced the framers of the United States Constitution.
Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)
British Imperialist: Business magnate and politician who played a key role in expanding British colonial power in Africa.
Key Accomplishments: Founded the De Beers Diamond Company and established Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe and Zambia).
Controversies: His policies and beliefs were highly controversial, characterized by racism and a strong belief in British racial superiority.
Charles Fourier (1772-1837)
Utopian Socialist: French social theorist who envisioned ideal communities called "phalansteries."
Key Ideas: Advocated for social and economic reform, including cooperative living, worker ownership, and the abolition of private property.
Impact: Influenced later socialist and utopian movements, though his ideas were never fully realized on a large scale.
Commodore Matthew Perry (1794-1858)
U.S. Naval Officer: Led a fleet of American warships to Japan in 1853-1854.
Impact: Forced Japan to end its long-standing policy of isolationism and open its ports to trade with the United States. This marked a turning point in Japan's history, leading to rapid modernization and industrialization.
Eli Whitney (1765-1825)
Inventor of the Cotton Gin: American inventor who revolutionized cotton production in the Southern United States.
Impact: The cotton gin significantly increased the efficiency of cotton processing, leading to a surge in cotton production and a dramatic expansion of slavery in the South.
Emperor Guangxu (1871-1908)
Emperor of China: Ruled during a period of significant social and political upheaval.
Reforms: Attempted to implement a series of reforms known as the Hundred Days' Reform, aiming to modernize China.
Impact: These reforms were short-lived and ultimately unsuccessful due to opposition from conservative forces, including the Empress Dowager Cixi.
Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908)
De Facto Ruler of China: Held significant power behind the scenes during much of the late Qing Dynasty.
Policies: Generally opposed to reform and modernization, fearing it would threaten her power and the traditional social order.
Impact: Her conservative policies contributed to China's decline and its inability to effectively respond to the challenges posed by Western imperialism.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Philosopher and Scientist: English philosopher and statesman who championed the scientific method.
Key Ideas: Emphasized observation, experimentation, and inductive reasoning as the foundations of scientific inquiry.
Impact: Considered a key figure in the scientific revolution, his ideas laid the groundwork for modern scientific research.
Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)
Co-Founder of Marxism: German social scientist, philosopher, and revolutionary.
Key Works: Co-authored The Communist Manifesto (1848) with Karl Marx.
Impact: A major figure in the development of communist ideology, his ideas have had a profound and lasting impact on world history.
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)
Italian Patriot: Played a key role in the unification of Italy in the 19th century.
Military Leader: Led a volunteer army known as the "Red Shirts" in a series of military campaigns that helped to liberate southern Italy from Austrian rule.
Impact: A national hero in Italy, he is remembered for his contribution to Italian unification.
Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937)
Inventor of Radio: Italian inventor and Nobel laureate known for his pioneering work in long-distance radio transmission.
Impact: His inventions revolutionized communication, laying the foundation for modern radio, television, and wireless technologies.
Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
Utopian Socialist: French social theorist who believed that society should be organized around the principles of industrialism and scientific progress.
Key Ideas: Advocated for a hierarchical society led by scientists and industrialists, with the goal of improving the lives of the working class.
Impact: Influenced later socialist thinkers, including Karl Marx.
Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
Physicist and Mathematician: English scientist considered one of the most influential figures in the history of science.
Key Discoveries: Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, developed calculus, and made significant contributions to optics.
Impact: His work revolutionized our understanding of the universe and laid the foundation for classical mechanics.
James Watt (1736-1819)
Inventor of the Steam Engine: Scottish inventor who significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine.
Impact: His inventions played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution, powering factories, ships, and trains, transforming transportation and manufacturing.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
Philosopher and Writer: Swiss-born philosopher and writer who championed individual liberty and the social contract.
Key Works: The Social Contract (1762) - Argued that legitimate government derives its power from the consent of the governed.
Impact: His ideas influenced the French Revolution and the development of modern democratic thought.
John Locke (1632-1704)
Philosopher and Physician: English philosopher and physician who is considered one of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment.
Key Ideas: Advocated for natural rights, including the right to life, liberty, and property. Argued that government should protect these rights and that individuals have the right to revolt against unjust rulers.
Impact: His ideas profoundly influenced the American Revolution and the development of liberal political thought.
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
Philosopher and Economist: English philosopher, economist, and social reformer.
Key Ideas: Advocated for individual liberty, freedom of speech, and women's rights.
Impact: A major figure in 19th-century liberalism, his ideas continue to influence political and social thought today.
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Philosopher and Revolutionary: German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist.
Key Works: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894).
Impact: Developed the theory of Marxism, which argues that history is driven by class struggle and that capitalism will inevitably be replaced by communism. His ideas have had a profound and lasting impact on world history, inspiring numerous revolutions and shaping the political landscape of the 20th century.
Mahmud II (1785-1839)
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire: Ruled during a period of significant reform and decline.
Reforms: Implemented a series of reforms known as the Tanzimat, aimed at modernizing the Ottoman Empire. These reforms included abolishing the Janissaries (elite Ottoman infantry corps), establishing a new army based on European models, and introducing legal and administrative reforms.
Impact: While the Tanzimat reforms had some positive effects, they were ultimately insufficient to prevent the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the face of European imperialism.
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
Early Feminist Thinker: British writer, philosopher, and advocate for women's rights.
Key Work: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) - A groundbreaking work that argued for the equality of women and their right to education and political participation.
Impact: Considered a pioneer of feminist thought, her ideas laid the foundation for the women's suffrage movement and the ongoing struggle for gender equality.
Muhammed Ali (1769-1848)
Ruler of Egypt: Albanian military leader who rose to power in Egypt and established a powerful and independent Egyptian state.
Modernization Efforts: Implemented a series of reforms aimed at modernizing Egypt, including the establishment of a modern army, the development of industry, and the expansion of education.
Impact: His rule marked a period of significant economic and social transformation in Egypt, though his policies also had a significant social and economic impact on the Egyptian population.
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
French Military and Political Leader: Rose to power during the French Revolution and became Emperor of France.
Military Victories: Achieved a series of stunning military victories across Europe, conquering much of the continent.
Impact: Had a profound and lasting impact on European history. His conquests spread the ideals of the French Revolution, such as the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. He also implemented legal reforms, such as the Napoleonic Code, that influenced legal systems across Europe.
Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
First Chancellor of Germany: A key figure in the unification of Germany in the 19th century.
"Iron Chancellor": Known for his strong leadership and his use of realpolitik (practical politics) to achieve his goals.
Impact: Played a crucial role in establishing Germany as a major European power. His policies, however, also contributed to the rise of German militarism and ultimately to World War I.
Richard Arkwright (1732-1792)
Inventor and Businessman: English inventor and businessman who played a key role in the Industrial Revolution.
Key Invention: Invented the water frame, a significant improvement in textile machinery.
Impact: His inventions revolutionized the textile industry, leading to increased production and the growth of factories.
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Utopian Socialist: Welsh social reformer and industrialist.
Key Ideas: Advocated for improved working conditions, shorter working hours, and the creation of utopian communities.
Impact: A pioneer of the cooperative movement, his ideas influenced later social and economic reforms.
Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)
"The Liberator": Venezuelan statesman and military leader who played a key role in the independence movements in South America.
Liberation Campaigns: Led successful military campaigns against Spanish colonial rule in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
Impact: Considered one of the most important figures in Latin American history, he is known as the "Liberator" for his role in liberating much of South America from Spanish rule.
Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)
Founder of Modern Zionism: Austrian journalist and writer who is considered the father of modern Zionism.
Key Work: Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State) (1896) - Argued for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.
Impact: His ideas inspired the Zionist movement and ultimately led to the creation of the State of Israel in 1948.
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
English Philosopher: Known for his work Leviathan (1651), which argues for the necessity of absolute sovereignty to maintain social order.
Key Ideas: Believed that humans are inherently selfish and that without a strong ruler, society would descend into chaos.
Impact: His ideas had a profound impact on political philosophy, influencing later thinkers such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
Revolutionary Thinker: English-born American revolutionary thinker and writer.
Key Works: Common Sense (1776) - A powerful pamphlet that argued for American independence from Great Britain.
Impact: His writings played a crucial role in mobilizing public opinion in favor of American independence.
Toussaint L’Ouverture (c. 1743-1803)
Leader of the Haitian Revolution: Led the Haitian Revolution, which resulted in the establishment of Haiti as the first independent black republic.
Impact: His leadership inspired anti-slavery movements around the world and demonstrated the potential for enslaved people to overthrow their oppressors.
Voltaire (1694-1778)
French Philosopher and Writer: One of the most prominent figures of the Enlightenment.
Key Ideas: Advocated for freedom of speech, religious tolerance, and the separation of church and state.
Impact: A powerful critic of the Catholic Church and absolute monarchy, his ideas helped to shape the intellectual and political landscape of the Enlightenment.
Concepts and Ideas
Abolitionism
Definition: The movement to end slavery.
Key Figures: Figures like William Wilberforce, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Tubman were prominent abolitionists.
Methods: Abolitionists used various methods, including public speeches, writing, political lobbying, and underground railroads to help enslaved people escape.
Impact: Abolitionism played a crucial role in the abolition of slavery in many countries, including the United States.
Capitalism
Definition: An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, free markets, and the pursuit of profit.
Key Principles: Competition, free trade, and limited government intervention are central to capitalism.
Impact: Capitalism has driven economic growth and innovation but has also led to significant inequalities and social and environmental problems.
Conservatism
Definition: A political and social philosophy that emphasizes tradition, social stability, and the preservation of existing institutions.
Key Beliefs: Conservatives generally support limited government intervention, strong national defense, and traditional values.
Impact: Conservatism has been a major force in shaping political discourse and policy in many countries.
Deism
Definition: A philosophical and religious movement that emphasizes reason and natural law over revelation and dogma.
Key Beliefs: Deists believe in a creator god who set the universe in motion but does not intervene in human affairs.
Impact: Deism influenced the Enlightenment and played a role in the development of religious tolerance.
Empiricism
Definition: A philosophical doctrine that emphasizes the role of experience and observation in acquiring knowledge.
Key Principles: Empiricism rejects the notion of innate ideas and argues that knowledge comes from sensory experience.
Impact: Empiricism has been a cornerstone of scientific inquiry and has profoundly shaped modern science.
Feminism
Definition: A social and political movement that advocates for women's rights and gender equality.
Key Goals: Feminists strive for equal opportunities for women in all areas of life, including education, employment, and political participation.
Impact: Feminism has played a crucial role in advancing women's rights and transforming social and political structures.
Industrialism
Definition: The process of social and economic change that transforms a human group from a predominantly agricultural society into one based on manufacturing.
Key Characteristics: Mass production, technological innovation, and the rise of factories are hallmarks of industrialism.
Impact: Industrialism revolutionized the way goods are produced and consumed, leading to significant economic growth and social change.
Liberalism
Definition: A political and social philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, liberty, and limited government intervention.
Key Principles: Liberals generally support free speech, freedom of religion, and the right to equal opportunity.
Impact: Liberalism has been a major force in shaping modern democracies and has played a crucial role in promoting individual freedom and social progress.
Marxism
Definition: A social, political, and economic ideology developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
Key Principles: Marxism argues that history is driven by class struggle and that capitalism will inevitably be replaced by communism.
Impact: Marxism has had a profound and lasting impact on world history, inspiring numerous revolutions and shaping the political landscape of the 20th century.
Nationalism
Definition: A strong sense of national identity and pride, often accompanied by a desire for political independence or autonomy.
Key Characteristics: Nationalism can be a powerful force for both positive and negative change, fostering patriotism and unity but also leading to xenophobia and conflict.
Impact: Nationalism has played a significant role in shaping the modern world, driving the formation of nation-states and contributing to both wars and revolutions.
Pantheism
Definition: The belief that God is identical with the universe or nature.
Key Ideas: Pantheists believe that everything in the universe is a manifestation of the divine.
Impact: Pantheism has influenced various religious and philosophical traditions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and some forms of New Age spirituality.
Socialism
Definition: A social and economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods.
Key Principles: Socialists advocate for economic equality, social justice, and the reduction of social and economic inequalities.
Impact: Socialism has inspired various political movements and social reforms, including the welfare state and labor unions.
Zionism
Definition: A political movement that advocates for the establishment and development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Key Goals: Zionism aims to provide a safe and secure homeland for the Jewish people.
Impact: Zionism played a crucial role in the creation of the State of Israel and continues to shape Israeli politics and society.
Source and Study Material: https://quizlet.com/778480320/apwh-unit-56-test-review-flash-cards/
Ways of the World Reading Notes
Chapter 16, pp. 737-747
Characterize the Scientific Revolution (737):
Why did the Scientific Revolution begin in Europe rather than in China or in the Islamic world? (738-739)
“Europe’s historical development as a reinvigorated and fragmented civilization (see Chapter 10) arguably gave rise to conditions uniquely favorable to the scientific enterprise,” (738).
What was revolutionary about the Scientific Revolution? What ideas changed? (739-741)
“The Scientific Revolution was revolutionary because it fundamentally challenged this understanding of the universe,” (740).
While some Europeans were actively attempting to spread the Christian faith to distant corners of the world, others were nurturing an understanding of the cosmos very much at odds with traditional Christian teaching. These were the makers of Europe’s Scientific Revolution…” (737).
“…scholars could pursue their studies in relative freedom from the dictates of church or state authorities. Within them, the study of the natural order began to slowly separate itself from philosophy and theology and to gain a distinct identity,” (738).
“Europeans found themselves at the center of a massive new exchange of information as they became aware of lands, peoples, plants, animals, societies, and religions from around the world. This tidal wave of new knowledge, uniquely available to Europeans, clearly shook up older ways of thinking and opened the way to new conceptions of the world,” (739).
Who were the thinkers who brought about these changes? (739-741)
“Copernicus from Poland, Galileo from Italy, Descartes from France, Newton from England, and many others,” (737).
“…sixteenth-century Italian doctor, mathematician, and writer Girolamo Cardano (1501–1576)…” (739).
“…Polish mathematician and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus…” (740).
“…Johannes Kepler, a German mathematician, showed that the planets followed elliptical orbits, undermining the ancient belief that they moved in perfect circles,” (741).
“The Italian Galileo Galilei developed an improved telescope, with which he observed sunspots, or blemishes, moving across the face of the
sun,” (741).
“The French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623–1662)…” (741).
“Sir Isaac Newton, the Englishman who formulated the modern laws of motion and mechanics, which remained unchallenged until the twentieth century,” (741).
“The Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, proclaiming an infinite universe and many worlds, was burned at the stake in 1600…” (741).
What was the relationship between the Catholic Church and the scientists of the Scientific Revolution? (741-742)
“Within early modern Europe, it fundamentally altered ideas about the place of humankind within the cosmos and sharply challenged both the teachings and the authority of the Church,” (737).
“To medieval European thinkers, the earth was stationary and at the center of the universe, and around it revolved the sun, moon, and stars embedded in ten spheres of transparent crystal. This understanding coincided well with the religious outlook of the Catholic Church because the attention of the entire universe was centered on the earth and its human inhabitants, among whom God’s plan for salvation unfolded,” (740).
“But not all was conflict between the Church and an emerging science. None of the early scientists rejected Christianity. Galileo himself proclaimed the compatibility of science and faith when he wrote that ‘God is no less excellently revealed in Nature’s actions than in the sacred statements of the Bible.’ Newton was a serious biblical scholar and saw no necessary contradiction between his ideas and belief in God,” (742).
Characterize the Enlightenment? (742):
What made the Enlightenment “potentially revolutionary” and what impact would this have? (743-744)
“If human reason could discover the laws that governed the universe, surely it could uncover ways in which humankind might govern itself more effectively,” (742).
“The central theme of the Enlightenment—and what made it potentially revolutionary—was the idea of progress. Human society was not fixed by tradition or divine command but could be changed, and improved, by human action guided by reason,” (743).
“…it inspired those who later made the American, French, Haitian, and Latin American revolutions. Born of the Scientific Revolution, that was the faith of the Enlightenment. For some, it was virtually a new religion,” (744).
“The Romantic movement in art and literature appealed to emotion, intuition, passion, and imagination rather than cold reason and scientific learning. Religious awakenings—complete with fiery sermons, public repentance, and intense personal experience of sin and redemption—shook Protestant Europe and North America. Science and the Enlightenment surely challenged religion, and for some they eroded religious belief and practice,” (744).
In what ways was European science received in the major civilizations of Asia in the early modern era? (745-746)
“…the achievements of the Scientific Revolution spread globally, becoming the most widely sought-after product of European culture and far more desired than Christianity, democracy, socialism, or Western literature,” (745).
“…the level of interest in European scientific thinking within major Asian societies was both modest and selective. In China, for example, Qing dynasty emperors and scholars were most interested in European astronomy and mathematics, derived largely from Jesuit missionaries, because those disciplines proved useful in predicting eclipses, reforming the calendar, and making accurate maps of the empire. European medicine, however, held little interest for Chinese physicians before the nineteenth century,” (745).
“…European science had a substantial impact on a number of Chinese scholars as it interacted with the data-based kaozheng movement, described by one participant as ‘an ant-like accumulation of facts,’” (745).
“…a number of European texts in medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics, and other disciplines were translated and studied by a small group of Japanese scholars. They were especially impressed with Western anatomical studies, for in Japan dissection was work fit only for outcasts,” (746).
“Ottoman scholars were conscious of the rich tradition of Muslim astronomy and chose not to translate the works of major European scientists such as Copernicus, Kepler, or Newton, although they were broadly aware of European scientific achievements by 1650,” (746).
What is Eurocentrism? (771-772)
“The term Eurocentrism describes a worldview, mindset, or rhetorical orientation that centers European, or White, ways of knowing as sole, central, or superior to all others,” (Trembath). (Source: https://subjectguides.library.american.edu/c.php?g=1025915&p=7749739)
In what 5 ways does Strayer attempt to counter Eurocentrism? (772-775)
Chapter 17, pp. 779-804
In what ways did the ideas of the Enlightenment contribute to the Atlantic revolutions?
What were the causes and effects of each revolution?
What was revolutionary about the American Revolution, and what was not?
How did the French Revolution differ from the American Revolution?
What was distinctive about the Haitian Revolution, both in world history and in the context of Atlantic Revolutions?
How were the Spanish American revolutions shaped by the American, French, and Haitian revolutions that happened earlier?
Massively Important Information in this Section! Echoes of Revolution: abolitionism, nationalism, and feminism pp.793-803
What accounts for the end of Atlantic slavery during the nineteenth century? (793-794)
How did the end of slavery affect the lives of the former slaves? (795-796)
What accounts for the growth of nationalism as a powerful political and personal identity in the nineteenth century? (796-797)
Define: nation
Define: state
Define: nation-state
What were some of the effects of the rise of nationalism in Europe and outside of Europe? (797-800)
What were the achievements and limitations of the nineteenth century feminism? (800-803)
Chapter 18 pp. 825-854: (THE SUPER IMPORTANT CHAPTER) Industrial Revolution
EQs
Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750-1900.
Explain how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time.
Explain how technology shaped economic production over time.
Explain the causes and effect of economic strategies of different states and empires.
Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750-1900.
Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900.
Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living.
Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1750 to 1900.
Summarize the section Explaining the Industrial Revolution (826-827)
What factors account for why industrialization occurred in Europe (828: third paragraph-830)
What was distinctive about Britain that may explain why it was the breakthrough point for industrialization? (830-832)
How did industrialization transform the societies of industrial countries? (832-836)
How did the laborers attempt to endure and improve their dismal working conditions? (837)
How did Karl Marx understand the Industrial Revolution and its effects on the workers?
What did he expect would be the ultimate result of capitalism? (837-839)
Compare and contrast the United States and Russia in the nineteenth century.
How did industrialization lead to the 1905 revolution in Russia? (845-846)
In what ways and with what impact was Latin America linked to the global economy of the nineteenth century? (848-849)How did Latin America’s participation in the global economy impact the societies of Latin America? (849-853)
“History of the World in 6 Glasses” Reading Notes
Chapter 7: The Great Soberer
What was the Scientific Revolution, and which two thinkers are mentioned in relationship to it?
How does Standage characterize the Enlightenment?
What are the effects of coffee and coffeehouses on the intellectual atmosphere of the 17th and 18th centuries?
Describe how coffeehouses arrived in England and the different responses English society had to coffee and coffeehouses. This is from the section "The Triumph of Coffee".
From "Empires of Coffee," explain how coffee was diffused around the world.
Chapter 8: The Coffeehouse Internet
From "A Coffee-Powered Network": Explain, using specific examples, how the coffeehouses operated as "information exchanges".
From "Innovation and Speculation": Explain, using specific examples, how the coffeehouses promoted intellectual activity. Include examples from science and economics.
From "Revolution by the Cup": What role did the Paris coffeehouses play in fomenting the French Revolution?