Period 2, c.1450 to c. 1750

Land Based Empires and Transoceanic Interconnections

European countries had used their new technologies, new ideas and new forms of economic organization, to become the dominant world powers.
Much of their success was based on competition regularly between each other and they raised secure faster trade routes, more civilizations and more control over the globe.
However, much of their success came at the expense of the land based empire of Asia and declining empires in the Americas.

For the 1300s, much of Europe has been following Christianity for 1000 years.
The fuedal system had dominated the political and social structures for several hundreds of years. And the ancient classical civilizations of rome and greece had faded.
The history of the Middle Ages was dominated by many issues, a concern of salvation territorial disputes, disease in Fahrenheit, limited access to education and small scale trade.
A combination of mathematics and science rediscovered the past in a productive president led to major changes in the way Europeans viewed the world and themselves.

After the black debate and the population of Europe once again began swell, the demand for goods and service began to increase.
The middle class was made up of bankers and merchants and traders emerged because of new increased global trading.
Europe experienced an influx of money to go along with its new thousands of history.

The church was one of the most important institutions that unified ordinary people in western Europe. It had such widely accepted credentials, and it held itself out as not only the undisputed authority, but also the endorsement on all things worldly.
The church understood the power it had over the fateful when it needed to finance a dementia building projects, plus pay for a huge number of Renaissance artists. It kept in its employee. It began to sell indulgences.
During this time, landowning help was increasingly resentful of research, which amassed an enormous amount of power and wealth exploited a huge number of resources and extent of the nobles.

Prior to the scientific revolution, Europe and most of the world believed that Earth was higher of universe with the sun stars to planet revolved around Earth.
As Europe changed dramatically because of the radios and the price of Reformation, the universitys gave structure and burgeoning questions about the world educated Europeans began exam the world around them with new vigor.
The scientific method was born out of the scholastic tradition, but it took that tradition to considerably new at levels. Under the scientific method, one had to prove what the mind concluded, documented and repeated for others.

The history of the Ottoman Empire actually proceeds 450. You might recall from the previous chapter that the territories of the four were empire were overrun by the Mongol in the 13th century.
As the Mongol Empire fell, the Muslim Ottoman Empire founded by Ultimate Bay rules in Anatolia.
The Army's made constant over their capital city, renamed Istanbul and converted the Great Cathedral into mosques.
For nearly hundreds of years, Hindus and Muslims increasingly live side by side and consequently became more geographically mixed. The result was a golden age of art, architecture and thought under Shah jahan Akbars grandson, the Taj Mahal was built. However, after Uber two developments forever changed India.
The first was that religious toleration ended when a new empire armed museum, who was a very peace Muslim, came to the throne. He enacted pro Muslim policies and waged wars of expansion to try and conquer the remaining portions of India.
The second was the arrival of the Europeans in the early 17th century. The British were fighting each other for Indian Ocean Trade regions. In the beginning, Portugal established a tree and later the British India Company had control of the trade in bombay

Beginning in the 10th century, strong centralized states developed in southern Western Africa based on the world, accumulated from trade
The trend of increased power continued a transit rate in the establishment of powerful communities in the kingdoms of Kongo and Angola
On the west coast of Africa, the centralized Kingdom of Congo was blustered by its trade in Portuguese merchants of the early 1480s.
South of Congo, the Portuguese established a strong, small trading post in Angola for the purpose of expanding their trade.
As a result, Angola grew into powerful stake. And when the Portuguese attempted to further exorbitant control they fiercely resisted.

By 1368, the Ming Dynasty booted out the last of a Mongol rule in China and restored power over the empire to the native Chinese.
In the early 15th century, the Chinese did also something quite extraordinary. They built a huge fleets.
The main government attended to prop up its failure economy trained by changing initially counterfeit paper to a single whip system based on silver currency.
By the 16th century, the Ming Dynasty was already in its decline just as the European River being sailed towards China.
Because the king were from Manchuria, they were not ethical Chinese. They attempted to remain ethic elite forbidding the Chinese to learn a manual language, or to marry mansions. However, because the Manchus compromised a mere 3% of population, they need help of the ethnic Chinese to run the country.
The Chinese did not aspire to conquer the rest of the world, or even interact with it much. They avoided us to influence and stayed focused on China and its surrounding neighbors in Asia.

And the 16th century, a series of children to continue to rule Japan while the emperor remained merely as a figurehead.
By the end of the century, not only had a few 100,000 Japanese converted to Christianity, but the Jesuits took control of the port of Nagasaki and trade flourished
The absence of foreign influence allows Japanese culture to thrive
During this time. Buddhism remained at the center of the culture. And unique Japanese art forms also prospered.
A strong central authority, Japanese culture underwent its own renaissance

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