• The primary reason for the decline of the native population of the Americas during the 16th century was the diseases brought by the Europeans.

• A direct consequence of the Colombian Exchange in Europe is a Population Increase

• Abbasid Caliphate: Art & Sciences, Mathematics, medicine writings, built around Merchants and trade, revival of trade on the Silk roads

• During the fall of Rome, the West collapsed completely while the East became the Byzantine Empire.

• The Hundred Year War (1337-1453) unified France while England withdrew

• Foot Binding: Binding women’s feet after birth to keep it small

• The Song Dynasty: China’s period of greatest manufacturing capability, both Buddhism and Confucianism were practiced, and Meritocracy started. Developed the Grand Canal, gunpowder, agriculture, and collected tributes from other states. Improved literacy with printing books.

Religions

• The Great Schism- split into the Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox

• Crusades: Campaigns by European Christians to convert Muslims and Non-Christians and for them to reclaim the Holy Land back (1095-1200-ish)

• Inquisitions: formal interrogation and prosecution of perceived heretics by ex-communication, torture, or even execution

• Protestant Reformation: The Church was exploiting nobles and peasants and they were getting frustrated, Martin Luther started it

• Martin Luther: German Monk that nailed his complaints to the church's door.  Lutherans

• Calvinism (John Calvin): predestination, only a few people would be saved by God

• Jesuits (Ignatius Loyola): prayer and good works leads to salvation

• Catholic Reformation: Catholic church’s remedy to regain some of its authority back

• Council of Trent: Reinstated the Pope, punished heretics, and established Latin as the only worship language

• Buddhism is split into three: Theravada, Mahayana and Tibetan

England

• European Feudalism: King, Nobles, Vassals, Peasants or Serfs

• English Nobles rebelled against King John and made him sign the Magna Carta (the king and his government are not above the law)

• Joan of Arc fought back England out of Orleans Hundred Years War

• James I- successor to Elizabeth in 1607

• Charles I: successor to James in 1625, forced to sign Petition of Rights

• Oliver Cromwell: Succeeded James I, violent against Catholics and Irish and was highly resented

• Charles II: exiled son of Charles I, reclaimed the throne after Cromwell. Signed the Habeas Corpus Act

• Habeas Corpus Act: prevents people from getting arrested with due processes

• Muscovy Company: first joint-stock company, British and East India Company

• James II: Succeeded Charles II

• English Bill of Rights (1689): Signed by James II’s daughter, Mary, who succeeded him

• Henry IV of France: issued the Edict of Nantes (granted religious tolerance)

People

• Genghis Khan: unified the tribes in Mongolia in the early 1200s, first invaded the Chinese in 1234

• Kublai Khan: Genghis Khan successor

• Ivan IV of Russia (Ivan the Terrible): feared by many, he killed everyone who threatened his power, and had no heir leading to the Time of Troubles 

• Romanov Family: Ruled Russia from the 1600s to 1917 and ruled ruthlessly

• Peter the Great of Russia: (1682-1725) redesigned Russia into a Westernized fashion

• Catherine the Great: (1762-1796) Focused on education and Western culture

• Ottoman Empire: Invaded by the Mongols. Capital was Constantinople

• Tokugawa Ieyasu of China: established Tokugawa shogunate (Edo period) (1600-1868). Strict gov. With a rigid social structure

• John Locke: (1632-1704) All men are born equal, mankind is good and rational

• Montesquieu: (1689-1775) separation of powers among branches of government

•  Adam Smith (1723-1790): the consumer is an “invisible hand” that will regulate the economy if left alone (Laissez-faire)

• Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797): women should have political rights, including voting and holding office

• Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): knowledge exists beyond what is deduced from the use of only observation or only reason

• Eli Whitney- interchangeable parts

• Karl Marx: Wrote the Communist Manifesto. Foundation for socialism and communism

• Marco Polo- merchant from Venice who traveled to China and Europe

• Ibn Battuta: Islamic traveler who traveled through the Islamic World from India to China, 

• Magery Kemp: English Christian who traveled through Europe and the Holy Land

• Isaac Newton: Discovered Gravity (1666)

• Johannes Gutenberg made the printing press in 1440 and printed the first bible in 1454

• Ferdinand Magellan was the one who ran the first expedition around the globe

• Eli Whitney created the Cotton Gin

• Thomas Paine: wrote Common Sense, encouraging colonizers to form a better government than a monarchy

VOCAB

• Renaissance- the revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman art/ literature

• Scholasticism: growth of education and knowledge

• Humanism: Focus on personal accomplishment, happiness, and life on earth instead of living for salvation

• Scientific Revolution: Expanded education and knowledge leading to world discoveries

• Copernican Revolution: discovered earth and other celestial bodies revolving around the sun

• Joint-stock: pool resources of merchants to distribute costs and reduce dangers of individual investors

• Bourgeoisie- they are the shop-keeper, craftspeople, merchants, and small landowners)

• Japanese Feudal System: Shogun, Daimyo, lesser samurai, and then the peasants and artisans

• Africa: Islam spread to NA in the 7th to 8th century, explosion of trade began Hausa Kingdoms

3 Ancient Civilizations: Maya, Inca, and Aztecs

• Aztecs: Now Mexico City, Theocracy, Numerous Deities, Rituals and Human sacrifice, got diseases (smallpox), conquered by the Spanish Conquistadores

• Mayas: 250-900 CE, Now Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala, beliefs through Astronomy, they were also conquered by the Spaniards

• Incas: Split into 4 bureaucracies, Inti (their god), Inca (means the people of the sun), had priests, also conquered by the Spaniards

• The Impact of the Mongols: Diffused culture, prevented Russia from developing, developed World Trade and global awareness

Trade Routes: The Silk Road, Trans-Saharan Trade Route,

• Trade exploded from 1200-1450

• Bubonic Plague- started in Asia, carried by merchants, killed ⅓ of England

• Indian Ocean Trade- Western India to Eastern Africa, strong demand for slaves

• Silk Roads: porcelain, paper, religion, food, technology, spices

• The Scientific Revolution led to the Industrial Revolution resulting in atheists and deists

• Peace of Augsburg (1555): intended to bring an end to conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the German States

• Thirty Year War: protestants in Bohemia challenged the Catholics, destructive Peace of Westphalia

• Times of Troubles (1604-1613): Killing those who tried to rise to the throne since there was no heir 

• National Seclusion Policy (1635) in Japan: Prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad

• Portugal: Prince Henry the Navigator, Vasco da Gama

• Spain: Christopher Colombus

• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): agreement of Spain and Portugal to split the colonized land between them

• Products that aided explorations: sternpost (China, better control of ships), Rudder, Lateen Sails (Roman Empire, allowed directional control of ships), Astrolabe (navigation device that measured distance between sun and stars to determine latitude), Magnetic Compass (China, determines location), Three-Masted Caravels (large ships fit for longer journeys)

• Encomienda System: Spanish hierarchical colonial society. Peninsulares, Creoles, mestizos, Mullatos

• Mercantilism: the theory that creating a favorable balance of import and export was best

• The Enlightenment: 17th and 18th centuries: humankind about government

• Social Contract: Governments are not formed by divine decree but by meeting social and economic needs

• American Revolution: Americans began revolting against British rulership eventually gaining independence with the aid of France

• Laws Passed by the British that Angered Americans: Revenue Act, Stamp Act, Tea Act- intended to raise funds for the British

• Declaration of The Rights of Man: Asserting basic rights and fundamental freedom for all humans

• Haitian Revolution: France enslaved many Haitians, revolted successfully, led by Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture, a former slave, who became the first governor-general in 1804

• Industrial Revolution: New tech caused an increase in manufacturing and agriculture causing the flock to cities

New Advancements that Changed Production: Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny Cotton Gin, Steam Engine, Steamship, Steamship Locomotive, Telegraph, Telephone, Lightbulb, Internal Combustion Engine

• Nationalism: Desire for people of common cultural heritage to form independent nation-states/empires that protect their cultural identity

Heimler Unit 3: All You Need to Know

• Land-based empire: Am empire whose power comes from the extent of its territorial holdings

• 1450-1750, Ottoman Empire (Sunni Muslims)(adoption of gunpowder),  Safavid Empire (Gunpowder too)(Shi’a Muslims), Mughal Empire ( became the most successful empire in the 16th century), Qing Dynasty (gunpowder)

• Territory fight for Afghanistan

• Legitimized and consolidated their power: Large Bureaucracy, Development of military, collection of religious ideas/art/ architecture (divine right of gods), innovation in tex collection systems

• Belief Systems: Protestant Reformation, Sunni/ Shia Rivalry, Sikhism (Islam and Hindu)

Heimler Unit 4: Maritime Empires

• European adoption of maritime technology, eg. astrolabe, latten sails, etc. 

• As the European couldn’t easily access the land-based trade routes, they decided to look for more maritime trade routes

• Mercantilism and Joint-stock companies (Dutch East India Company)

• Portugal (Prince Henry the Navigator), Spain (Christopher Columbus), 

• Big Threes: France (Fur trade), England, Dutch

• Columbian Exchange: Transfer of animals, plants, diseases (smallpox, measles), people, technology, and diseases among Europe, America, and Africa. Sugar, silver