WHAP Unit1/2
The Mongols and World History
A Complicated Relationship
China Prior to the Mongols
A monarchy, ruled by several dynasties prior to the 1200s including the Song
Power passed through male heirs of a family of rulers (dynasty); the emperor had developed a civil service system to help him rule.
Dynasties rose and fell in a process called the dynastic cycle and power passed to new dynasty who claimed to have Mandate of Heaven
B. Considered themselves to be the Middle Kingdom: superior civilization to nomadic groups around them who has no government, no written language, few architectural achievements, etc –ethnocentrism
C. Mongol conquest of China had begun during the 1200s – attracted to China’s resources/wealth; captured the Northern section of Song territory and then the South
D. The Mongols under Kublai Khan’s leadership ruled China directly as the Yuan dynasty until 1368; Mongols claimed to have the Mandate of Heaven
II. Mongol Rule
By the of the Mongols’ brutal conquest, they ruled a vast amount of territory from China (East) to Hungary (West) and from Russia (North) to Tibet (South)
Like China, some of this territory was ruled directly while other lands were considered tributary states (Russia)
All pieces of the Mongol empire were linked through the Silk Road and considerable exchange of goods, tech, belief systems, etc.
Pax Mongolica: A period of peace and golden age that allows for extensive movement of goods in the Silk Roads
III. Mongol Culture & long-term impact
In lands they ruled, Mongols tended to be tolerant of religious & ethnic differences (as long as rules were obeyed and taxes were paid) - - helped to squash potential revolt
In China, rules were Created to Keep the ethnic Chinese separate from the Mongols; typically Mongols valued artisans, merchants, farmers over dominant scholar -gentry
In territories of Southwest Asia, however, many Mongol men intermarried with the native populations, converted to Islam, gave up nomadic lifestyle to grow crops
B. Mongols maintained military superiority over territories they rules & spread a uniform systems of law
C. The Mongol empire splintered into different khanates (states) after 1279 and experienced a decline caused by several factors: political corruption/weakness. Black Death/bubonic plague, loss of control of trade routes, military defeats which tarnished reputation of Mongol invincibility
D. Mongol rule contributed to the rise of centralized state in Russia, the rise of gunpowder empires in the Middle East/China, and an intense European interest in overland and then oceanic trade with the Far East.
The Spread of Buddhism Documents Organizer Group: Colin, Nathan T, Israel, Abdullah
Doc # | Where/When was this created? | Symbols or representations of Buddhist faiths and traditions that are shown in this source. | Evidence of blending with other (non-Buddhist) faiths and cultures. What has changed about the Buddhist faith as a result of this syncretism? |
1 Kannon of | Created in Japan (c. 8th Century) |
Kannon
| The belief in reaching enlightenment was an idea from Hinduism. However, it changed by allowing enlightenment to be reached in one lifetime rather than multiple. |
2 Maitreya Buddha | China 10th-14th century |
| Changed from being a faith without a god or supreme deity to a more polytheistic faith with multiple forms of Buddha which could indicate blending with Hinduism. |
3 Garuda Emblem and Javanese Poem | Indonesia - (20th century) Indonesian poem (14th century) |
| Srivijaya became a Buddhist kingdom with strong Hindu influence. In their national symbol a small excerpt from a Javanese poem is taken; this is an example of syncretism. |
4 Japanese Temple Guardians | Japan 12th Century |
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|
Once your group has analyzed the four documents, collaborate on a thesis statement to answer the following prompt: “How was the Buddhist faith altered as it spread throughout Asia?”
The Buddhist faith syncretized many aspects of various belief systems on its path to Japan. Buddhism picked up different deities and transformed into a polytheistic religion aspiring from religions such as Hinduism, and ancient systems like Zoroastrianism.
Unit I: The Spread of Buddhism Notes
Siddhartha Gautama (566-486 BCE)
The Four Noble Truths
|
How did Buddhism spread?
|
Two Forms of Buddhism
|
Definition of Syncretism
|
Unit 1: Precolumbian American Civilizations SCEPTER Analysis
Topic: | What to look for: | Aztec Civilization | Incan Civilization |
Social | Education Ethnicity Gender Relationships Class Structure Leisure & Recreation Family Structure |
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|
Culture | Ideas Literature Language Art Spread of Culture |
|
|
Economic | Work/Industry Resources Money Business Trade and Goods |
|
|
Political | Type of Government Notable Leaders Wars Laws Policies |
|
|
Technological | Weapons Science Tools Artifacts Inventions |
|
|
Environmental | Disease Animals & Crops Effect on Humans Human Effects Geography |
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|
Religious | Faith Religions Rituals God(s) Beliefs |
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|
Unit I: Europe in the Middle Ages Notes
The Fall of the (Western) Roman Empire (c. 476 CE)
|
Roman Catholic | Eastern Orthodox |
Western Europe
| Eastern Europe
|
European Feudalism and Ulrich von Lichtenstein
|
The Power of the Catholic Church
|
The Crusades (1000 - 1300)
|
Unit I: The Song Dynasty of China Notes
Structure of Chinese Dynasties
|
What do these stories reveal about the role of the examination system in Chinese society?
|
Chinese Philosophies
|
Women in the Song Dynasty
|
Song Dynasty Innovations
Resulted in a population explosion in China
|
China and Its Neighbors Reading
What is the significance of the term “Middle Kingdom”?
What was the purpose of the tribute system?
What was the relationship between China and nomadic groups?
Korea | Vietnam | Japan | |
How did Chinese influence arrive in this region? Was it welcomed? | Chinese influence arrived in 108 BCE during an attempted invasion from the Han dynasty. Of the three countries, Korea was the most faithful to China and their “model” however still had their own distinct culture. | The Chinese influence in Japan arrived when the Korean’s introduced Buddhism, with its Chinese culture to Japan. It was welcomed by the Japanese and they consciously borrowed and adapted elements of Chinese civilization. | |
How did the Chinese influence this region? | Chinese strongly influence their culture and government, with the use of confucian tests to train government officials. Buddhism was adopted as well and became an important part of religion in Korea. Koreans also adapted China’s writing system, modifying it to fit their language. | Social and organizational influence, Chinese became the official language, and was part of the Chinese empire for 1000 years after it was invaded. | The Chinese influenced this region by introducing new religions and beliefs such as Buddhism and Confucianism. The Japanese also borrowed China's idea of a centralized state, used Chinese written and spoken language as an official language of the government; used Chinese writing system to adapt and a writing system for their own language. The Japanese emperor also became more absolutist like the Chinese emperor. |
What unique cultural characteristics were retained by this region? (What was not changed by Chinese influence?) | Korea kept their language and was also never incorporated into the Chinese empire. They managed to stay culturally distinct and have their own customs. | Vietnam kept their language | Some unique cultural characteristics that were retained by Japan were noble women having the opportunity to thrive especially in a literary sense. Japan was also structured differently from China in a more hierarchical manner which was more like the feudal system in Europe. |
Submit a 1-2 sentence thesis statement that answers the following prompt to the “China and Its Neighbors Discussion” on Canvas. “Evaluate the extent to which China influenced neighboring states during the postclassical period (600-1450 CE).”
The Spread and Impact of Islam Notes Sheet
Use evidence from the readings and documents to think about the central question: “How did Islam spread, and what impact did it have upon the regions it spread into?”
Islam Lecture Notes
Relationship to Other Religions
|
Main Beliefs and Principles
|
Important Events
|
Reading: Rise of Muhammad the Prophet, Founder of Islam
In what historical context did Islam first appear? (What was the world like at the time?)
Islam first appeared in Medina during the Hijra, when most of the world was ruled by the Byzantine and Persian empire
What different ways did Muhammad use to recruit new believers and spread Islam?
Muhammad spread Islam by sharing his revelations and teachings, forming communities in Medina, and engaging with various tribes and leaders. He also emphasized the faith's spiritual equality and its appeal to those disillusioned with existing beliefs.
Why were the Arab militaries so successful against the Persians and Romans?
The Arab militaries were successful against the Persians and Romans due to their highly mobile cavalry, effective use of guerrilla tactics, unity under Islam which provided strong motivation, and the weakened state of their adversaries following years of conflict. These factors allowed them to execute swift and strategic attacks, resulting in rapid victories.
The author finishes by saying that after Arab success against Persians and Romans, "the heart of the world now gaped open." What do you think he means?
The phrase "the heart of the world now gaped open" suggests that the Arab victories over the Persians and Romans created an opportunity for the spread of Islam and its culture across vast regions, opening up new lands and societies to its influence. It signifies a moment of potential and transformation for the world as Islam began to expand rapidly.
Spread of Islam Document A
What role did merchants play in the spread of Islam and Islamic culture?
Merchants carried the religion of Islam around with them which helped it spread to isolated societies.
How did Islamic traditions and organization fit into African societies?
Islamic leaders played similar religious, political, and social roles to the traditional priest in African societies.
Spread of Islam Document B
What advantages and innovations did Islamic society provide?
Advantages and innovations that the Islamic society provided are paved roads, public lamps, good architecture like marble balconies and courts, stained glass, public schools for poor children, achievements in science, particularly in chemistry, astronomy, math, and medicine.
How did Islamic society compare to European society at this time?
The Islamic society was way ahead of European society in terms of innovations.
Spread of Islam Document C
How did Askia Mohammed remake the Songhai Empire?
Askia Mohammed remade the Songhai Empire by introducing legal and social reforms where Islamic judges were appointed in large districts of the Islamic empire, and justice was administered according to Muslim principles.
How was this different from previous rulers?
Previous leaders adopted Askia’s traditions of appointing Islamic judges, he converted them as much as possible.
Spread of Islam Document D
How did Islam spread to Egypt?
The Muslims conquered Egypt after 3 battles with the Romans and ruled it
How did the Muslims treat the rulers of the Christian community?
The Muslims respected the Christian community and they could practice their religion.
Spread of Islam Document E
Which of the Islamic innovations did you think were most important? List three below and explain your choices.
Germ Theory because it helped them understand the spread of diseases better than others did.
Trade Networks because they were able to trade and sell their resources with other nations.
Paper because they were able to document important information and write about important events.
What impact did Islam have on history and civilization?
Islam significantly impacted history and civilization by contributing to advancements in science, mathematics, medicine, and architecture. It facilitated trade networks that connected different cultures and regions, and it played a crucial role in preserving and transmitting knowledge during Europe’s Dark Ages.
Islam had a significant impact on history and civilization by making many advancements and being innovative. They were pioneering during the dark ages of Europe.
The Mongols and World History
A Complicated Relationship
China Prior to the Mongols
A monarchy, ruled by several dynasties prior to the 1200s including the Song
Power passed through male heirs of a family of rulers (dynasty); the emperor had developed a civil service system to help him rule.
Dynasties rose and fell in a process called the dynastic cycle and power passed to new dynasty who claimed to have Mandate of Heaven
B. Considered themselves to be the Middle Kingdom: superior civilization to nomadic groups around them who has no government, no written language, few architectural achievements, etc –ethnocentrism
C. Mongol conquest of China had begun during the 1200s – attracted to China’s resources/wealth; captured the Northern section of Song territory and then the South
D. The Mongols under Kublai Khan’s leadership ruled China directly as the Yuan dynasty until 1368; Mongols claimed to have the Mandate of Heaven
II. Mongol Rule
By the of the Mongols’ brutal conquest, they ruled a vast amount of territory from China (East) to Hungary (West) and from Russia (North) to Tibet (South)
Like China, some of this territory was ruled directly while other lands were considered tributary states (Russia)
All pieces of the Mongol empire were linked through the Silk Road and considerable exchange of goods, tech, belief systems, etc.
Pax Mongolica: A period of peace and golden age that allows for extensive movement of goods in the Silk Roads
III. Mongol Culture & long-term impact
In lands they ruled, Mongols tended to be tolerant of religious & ethnic differences (as long as rules were obeyed and taxes were paid) - - helped to squash potential revolt
In China, rules were Created to Keep the ethnic Chinese separate from the Mongols; typically Mongols valued artisans, merchants, farmers over dominant scholar -gentry
In territories of Southwest Asia, however, many Mongol men intermarried with the native populations, converted to Islam, gave up nomadic lifestyle to grow crops
B. Mongols maintained military superiority over territories they rules & spread a uniform systems of law
C. The Mongol empire splintered into different khanates (states) after 1279 and experienced a decline caused by several factors: political corruption/weakness. Black Death/bubonic plague, loss of control of trade routes, military defeats which tarnished reputation of Mongol invincibility
D. Mongol rule contributed to the rise of centralized state in Russia, the rise of gunpowder empires in the Middle East/China, and an intense European interest in overland and then oceanic trade with the Far East.
The Spread of Buddhism Documents Organizer Group: Colin, Nathan T, Israel, Abdullah
Doc # | Where/When was this created? | Symbols or representations of Buddhist faiths and traditions that are shown in this source. | Evidence of blending with other (non-Buddhist) faiths and cultures. What has changed about the Buddhist faith as a result of this syncretism? |
1 Kannon of | Created in Japan (c. 8th Century) |
Kannon
| The belief in reaching enlightenment was an idea from Hinduism. However, it changed by allowing enlightenment to be reached in one lifetime rather than multiple. |
2 Maitreya Buddha | China 10th-14th century |
| Changed from being a faith without a god or supreme deity to a more polytheistic faith with multiple forms of Buddha which could indicate blending with Hinduism. |
3 Garuda Emblem and Javanese Poem | Indonesia - (20th century) Indonesian poem (14th century) |
| Srivijaya became a Buddhist kingdom with strong Hindu influence. In their national symbol a small excerpt from a Javanese poem is taken; this is an example of syncretism. |
4 Japanese Temple Guardians | Japan 12th Century |
|
|
Once your group has analyzed the four documents, collaborate on a thesis statement to answer the following prompt: “How was the Buddhist faith altered as it spread throughout Asia?”
The Buddhist faith syncretized many aspects of various belief systems on its path to Japan. Buddhism picked up different deities and transformed into a polytheistic religion aspiring from religions such as Hinduism, and ancient systems like Zoroastrianism.
Unit I: The Spread of Buddhism Notes
Siddhartha Gautama (566-486 BCE)
The Four Noble Truths
|
How did Buddhism spread?
|
Two Forms of Buddhism
|
Definition of Syncretism
|
Unit 1: Precolumbian American Civilizations SCEPTER Analysis
Topic: | What to look for: | Aztec Civilization | Incan Civilization |
Social | Education Ethnicity Gender Relationships Class Structure Leisure & Recreation Family Structure |
|
|
Culture | Ideas Literature Language Art Spread of Culture |
|
|
Economic | Work/Industry Resources Money Business Trade and Goods |
|
|
Political | Type of Government Notable Leaders Wars Laws Policies |
|
|
Technological | Weapons Science Tools Artifacts Inventions |
|
|
Environmental | Disease Animals & Crops Effect on Humans Human Effects Geography |
|
|
Religious | Faith Religions Rituals God(s) Beliefs |
|
|
Unit I: Europe in the Middle Ages Notes
The Fall of the (Western) Roman Empire (c. 476 CE)
|
Roman Catholic | Eastern Orthodox |
Western Europe
| Eastern Europe
|
European Feudalism and Ulrich von Lichtenstein
|
The Power of the Catholic Church
|
The Crusades (1000 - 1300)
|
Unit I: The Song Dynasty of China Notes
Structure of Chinese Dynasties
|
What do these stories reveal about the role of the examination system in Chinese society?
|
Chinese Philosophies
|
Women in the Song Dynasty
|
Song Dynasty Innovations
Resulted in a population explosion in China
|
China and Its Neighbors Reading
What is the significance of the term “Middle Kingdom”?
What was the purpose of the tribute system?
What was the relationship between China and nomadic groups?
Korea | Vietnam | Japan | |
How did Chinese influence arrive in this region? Was it welcomed? | Chinese influence arrived in 108 BCE during an attempted invasion from the Han dynasty. Of the three countries, Korea was the most faithful to China and their “model” however still had their own distinct culture. | The Chinese influence in Japan arrived when the Korean’s introduced Buddhism, with its Chinese culture to Japan. It was welcomed by the Japanese and they consciously borrowed and adapted elements of Chinese civilization. | |
How did the Chinese influence this region? | Chinese strongly influence their culture and government, with the use of confucian tests to train government officials. Buddhism was adopted as well and became an important part of religion in Korea. Koreans also adapted China’s writing system, modifying it to fit their language. | Social and organizational influence, Chinese became the official language, and was part of the Chinese empire for 1000 years after it was invaded. | The Chinese influenced this region by introducing new religions and beliefs such as Buddhism and Confucianism. The Japanese also borrowed China's idea of a centralized state, used Chinese written and spoken language as an official language of the government; used Chinese writing system to adapt and a writing system for their own language. The Japanese emperor also became more absolutist like the Chinese emperor. |
What unique cultural characteristics were retained by this region? (What was not changed by Chinese influence?) | Korea kept their language and was also never incorporated into the Chinese empire. They managed to stay culturally distinct and have their own customs. | Vietnam kept their language | Some unique cultural characteristics that were retained by Japan were noble women having the opportunity to thrive especially in a literary sense. Japan was also structured differently from China in a more hierarchical manner which was more like the feudal system in Europe. |
Submit a 1-2 sentence thesis statement that answers the following prompt to the “China and Its Neighbors Discussion” on Canvas. “Evaluate the extent to which China influenced neighboring states during the postclassical period (600-1450 CE).”
The Spread and Impact of Islam Notes Sheet
Use evidence from the readings and documents to think about the central question: “How did Islam spread, and what impact did it have upon the regions it spread into?”
Islam Lecture Notes
Relationship to Other Religions
|
Main Beliefs and Principles
|
Important Events
|
Reading: Rise of Muhammad the Prophet, Founder of Islam
In what historical context did Islam first appear? (What was the world like at the time?)
Islam first appeared in Medina during the Hijra, when most of the world was ruled by the Byzantine and Persian empire
What different ways did Muhammad use to recruit new believers and spread Islam?
Muhammad spread Islam by sharing his revelations and teachings, forming communities in Medina, and engaging with various tribes and leaders. He also emphasized the faith's spiritual equality and its appeal to those disillusioned with existing beliefs.
Why were the Arab militaries so successful against the Persians and Romans?
The Arab militaries were successful against the Persians and Romans due to their highly mobile cavalry, effective use of guerrilla tactics, unity under Islam which provided strong motivation, and the weakened state of their adversaries following years of conflict. These factors allowed them to execute swift and strategic attacks, resulting in rapid victories.
The author finishes by saying that after Arab success against Persians and Romans, "the heart of the world now gaped open." What do you think he means?
The phrase "the heart of the world now gaped open" suggests that the Arab victories over the Persians and Romans created an opportunity for the spread of Islam and its culture across vast regions, opening up new lands and societies to its influence. It signifies a moment of potential and transformation for the world as Islam began to expand rapidly.
Spread of Islam Document A
What role did merchants play in the spread of Islam and Islamic culture?
Merchants carried the religion of Islam around with them which helped it spread to isolated societies.
How did Islamic traditions and organization fit into African societies?
Islamic leaders played similar religious, political, and social roles to the traditional priest in African societies.
Spread of Islam Document B
What advantages and innovations did Islamic society provide?
Advantages and innovations that the Islamic society provided are paved roads, public lamps, good architecture like marble balconies and courts, stained glass, public schools for poor children, achievements in science, particularly in chemistry, astronomy, math, and medicine.
How did Islamic society compare to European society at this time?
The Islamic society was way ahead of European society in terms of innovations.
Spread of Islam Document C
How did Askia Mohammed remake the Songhai Empire?
Askia Mohammed remade the Songhai Empire by introducing legal and social reforms where Islamic judges were appointed in large districts of the Islamic empire, and justice was administered according to Muslim principles.
How was this different from previous rulers?
Previous leaders adopted Askia’s traditions of appointing Islamic judges, he converted them as much as possible.
Spread of Islam Document D
How did Islam spread to Egypt?
The Muslims conquered Egypt after 3 battles with the Romans and ruled it
How did the Muslims treat the rulers of the Christian community?
The Muslims respected the Christian community and they could practice their religion.
Spread of Islam Document E
Which of the Islamic innovations did you think were most important? List three below and explain your choices.
Germ Theory because it helped them understand the spread of diseases better than others did.
Trade Networks because they were able to trade and sell their resources with other nations.
Paper because they were able to document important information and write about important events.
What impact did Islam have on history and civilization?
Islam significantly impacted history and civilization by contributing to advancements in science, mathematics, medicine, and architecture. It facilitated trade networks that connected different cultures and regions, and it played a crucial role in preserving and transmitting knowledge during Europe’s Dark Ages.
Islam had a significant impact on history and civilization by making many advancements and being innovative. They were pioneering during the dark ages of Europe.
