AP World History: Modern

WHAP Unit1/2

The Mongols and World History

A Complicated Relationship

China Prior to the Mongols

A monarchy, ruled by several dynasties prior to the 1200s including the Song

Power passed through male heirs of a family of rulers (dynasty); the emperor had developed a civil service system to help him rule.
Dynasties rose and fell in a process called the dynastic cycle and power passed to new dynasty who claimed to have Mandate of Heaven

B. Considered themselves to be the Middle Kingdom: superior civilization to nomadic groups around them who has no government, no written language, few architectural achievements, etc –ethnocentrism

C. Mongol conquest of China had begun during the 1200s – attracted to China’s resources/wealth; captured the Northern section of Song territory and then the South

D. The Mongols under Kublai Khan’s leadership ruled China directly as the Yuan dynasty until 1368; Mongols claimed to have the Mandate of Heaven

II. Mongol Rule

By the of the Mongols’ brutal conquest, they ruled a vast amount of territory from China (East) to Hungary (West) and from Russia (North) to Tibet (South)

Like China, some of this territory was ruled directly while other lands were considered tributary states (Russia)
All pieces of the Mongol empire were linked through the Silk Road and considerable exchange of goods, tech, belief systems, etc.

Pax Mongolica: A period of peace and golden age that allows for extensive movement of goods in the Silk Roads

III. Mongol Culture & long-term impact

In lands they ruled, Mongols tended to be tolerant of religious & ethnic differences (as long as rules were obeyed and taxes were paid) - - helped to squash potential revolt

In China, rules were Created to Keep the ethnic Chinese separate from the Mongols; typically Mongols valued artisans, merchants, farmers over dominant scholar -gentry
In territories of Southwest Asia, however, many Mongol men intermarried with the native populations, converted to Islam, gave up nomadic lifestyle to grow crops

B. Mongols maintained military superiority over territories they rules & spread a uniform systems of law

C. The Mongol empire splintered into different khanates (states) after 1279 and experienced a decline caused by several factors: political corruption/weakness. Black Death/bubonic plague, loss of control of trade routes, military defeats which tarnished reputation of Mongol invincibility

D. Mongol rule contributed to the rise of centralized state in Russia, the rise of gunpowder empires in the Middle East/China, and an intense European interest in overland and then oceanic trade with the Far East.

The Spread of Buddhism Documents Organizer Group: Colin, Nathan T, Israel, Abdullah

Doc #	Where/When was this created?	Symbols or representations of Buddhist faiths and traditions that are shown in this source.	Evidence of blending with other (non-Buddhist) faiths and cultures. What has changed about the Buddhist faith as a result of this syncretism?
1 Kannon of 1000 Arms	Created in Japan (c. 8th Century)	Enlightenment was available to everyone (even in a single lifetime) Emphasized the ability to feel the sorrows of other people as their own Kannon Often portrayed as a woman, “The one who hears the cries of the world” Multiple heads to hear cries of suffering, multiple arms to aid	The belief in reaching enlightenment was an idea from Hinduism. However, it changed by allowing enlightenment to be reached in one lifetime rather than multiple.
2 Maitreya Buddha	China 10th-14th century	Had Buddha, as well as other spiritual buddhas in addition Maitreya Buddha was said to be the Buddha from the future, who would appear when the historical teachings of the original Buddha were forgotten	Changed from being a faith without a god or supreme deity to a more polytheistic faith with multiple forms of Buddha which could indicate blending with Hinduism.
3 Garuda Emblem and Javanese Poem	Indonesia - (20th century) Indonesian poem (14th century)	It demonstrates the cultural blending of Buddhism and Hinduism in Srivijaya Features the Garuda holding the words “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika= ‘Unity in Diversity.’”	Srivijaya became a Buddhist kingdom with strong Hindu influence. In their national symbol a small excerpt from a Javanese poem is taken; this is an example of syncretism.
4 Japanese Temple Guardians	Japan 12th Century	28 Guardian Deities which were also found in Hindu mythology The Mahayana sect of Buddhism arrived in Japan.	There's evidence of blending with Hinduism because of the 28 guardian deities at the Buddhist temple in Kyoto, Japan. These deities are also found in Hindu Mythology. Japan gets Buddhism from contact with Korea so there must be some aspects of Korean Culture within their Beliefs. There's statues of Hindu god Vishnu as well. Asura from the ancient monotheistic belief system of Zoroastrianism.

Once your group has analyzed the four documents, collaborate on a thesis statement to answer the following prompt: “How was the Buddhist faith altered as it spread throughout Asia?”

The Buddhist faith syncretized many aspects of various belief systems on its path to Japan. Buddhism picked up different deities and transformed into a polytheistic religion aspiring from religions such as Hinduism, and ancient systems like Zoroastrianism.

Unit I: The Spread of Buddhism Notes

Siddhartha Gautama (566-486 BCE)

The creator of Buddhism
Indian prince
Set off on spiritual quest after encountering death and suffering
Achieved “enlightenment” at 35, traveled and taught for decades.
Became known as the Buddga (The enlightened one)

The Four Noble Truths

Life is suffering
Suffering is caused by desire
To end suffering, remove desire
By removing desire, you can achieve perfect happiness and enlightenment (Nirvana)

How did Buddhism spread?

Monks traveling by land and sea in the company of traders and royal emissaries
According to traditional accounts, the first foreign mission was to the island of Sri Lanka and was led by the son of the Indian King Ashoka
Indian merchants embraced Buddhism over Hinduism because Buddhism rejected the Hindu caste system

Two Forms of Buddhism

Mahayana - More supernatural, centered on salvation (Buddha as a deity [god[), helps was available for enlightenment, Bodhisattvas: Enlightened individuals who assisted others.
Theravada - Buddha was seen as a wise teacher, not divine. Individuals were on their own to achieve enlightenment.

Definition of Syncretism

The blending/combining of different cultures, ideas, beliefs, foods, etc… Usually creating something new
Visual representations of the Buddha and bodhisattvas have shifted over time, especially further the religion traveled from its birthplace in India.

Unit 1: Precolumbian American Civilizations SCEPTER Analysis

Topic:	What to look for:	Aztec Civilization	Incan Civilization
Social	Education Ethnicity Gender Relationships Class Structure Leisure & Recreation Family Structure	Everyone was part of a clan called a calpulli Very defined social roles - rich nobles who governed, poor farmers who fed and fought, priest who performed rituals Each calpulli had set amount of land, farmed together Kids expected to follow gender roles, often dealt with harsh punishments	80 different ethnic groups, each with its own dialect, gods, and traditions Ruling elite compromised no more than 1% of the population
Culture	Ideas Literature Language Art Spread of Culture	Used glyphs as their writing system Writing was not used to keep a complete record	Universal Andean language (Quechua) (“written language”) knotted strings called quiphus/khiphus Inca colonists spread Incan culture
Economic	Work/Industry Resources Money Business Trade and Goods	Most worked as farmers or warriors, also priests Lack of resources, had to explain in order to find them Collected tribute from other states	There was no coinage Taxes were paid using the mita Mita system - all subjects paid “taxes” by working on roads, crops terraces, temples, or fortresses Rulers paid laborers in food and clothing Golden and silver was plentiful but they were used for art
Political	Type of Government Notable Leaders Wars Laws Policies	Fought to conquer other areas due to lack of building resources, needed prisoners for human sacrifices Conquered states and paid Aztecs tributes Need for sacrifices meant constant war	First known Inca Noble Family - Cuzco Local lords were appointed into the system of government to maintain order in their provinces Communities that rebelled against the Inca were relocated to the Inca heartland and the children of the rebels would be assimilated. Cuzco was the capital of the Inca Forces to learn language/pay service to Incan gods
Technological	Weapons Science Tools Artifacts Inventions	Had advanced farming methods One spanish priest researched and learned about the Aztecs, his findings were published and the best artifact for information we have today	Terrace farming Grass bridges Roads
Environmental	Disease Animals & Crops Effect on Humans Human Effects Geography	Lived in swampy area in central Mexica Fertile soil good for planting beans and corn, had advanced farming methods	The capital of Cuzco was a sacred city.
Religious	Faith Religions Rituals God(s) Beliefs	Very religious More than 1600 gods who controlled different aspects of life Gods must be pleased to allow for sun to rise, crops to grow Could ask gods for help, however couldn’t take it for granted Daily human sacrifice to the gods	Religion worshiping the sun Sun god (Inti) Son of Inti (Sapa Inca - the king of the Inca) Sun worship was mandatory throughout the empire Incas tolerated local deities that, which, if perceived to be useful, might be incorporated into the Inca pantheon Polytheism Children were sacrificed (was seen as an honor) Most sacred building was the Corincancha, a temple devoted to the sun

Unit I: Europe in the Middle Ages Notes

The Fall of the (Western) Roman Empire (c. 476 CE)

476 CE = end of Western Roman Empire
Eastern half remained intact: the Byzantine Empire
Competing Churches

Exodus from cities: sacked by invaders
Spread of Catholic Church
Decentralized States
Economic and Political power lies with local lords

Roman Catholic

Eastern Orthodox

Western Europe

Latin language
Leader of church is Bishop of Rome (Pope)

Eastern Europe

Greek language
Leader of church is Patriarch of Constantinople (Istanbul)

European Feudalism and Ulrich von Lichtenstein

Knight's greatest ambition was to serve a lady steadfastly and well, in hope to be rewarded for their service, preferably becoming the lady’s lover.
Knights saw their lady as a trophy to be earned

The Power of the Catholic Church

Catholic Church was the only unify entity in Western European institution (“Christendom”)
Power struggles between the church and the state
Church controlled large tracts of land, received tithes (10% annual tax)
Widespread mission work in Europe during early Middle Ages to convert the pagans
Some syncretism (blending) - Halloween & Christmas

The Crusades (1000 - 1300)

Byzantines asked Western Europe for help against expanding Muslim armies
Series of “holy wars” led by European Catholics to recapture the holy land and spread Christianity

Unit I: The Song Dynasty of China Notes

Structure of Chinese Dynasties

Emperor and Royal Family

Granted authority by Heaven to rule (mandate of Heaven)

Regional governors and officials (took the civil service exam)
Bureaucracy

Carry out the will of the emperor, make policies, etc.
Chosen based on civil service exams, not wealth of status

Examination Stories

What do these stories reveal about the role of the examination system in Chinese society?

The stories reveal that the examination system in Chinese society has a role in increasing people and their families' social status.(social movement) There was also no room for bias in the exam so everyone who took it had an equal shot.

Chinese Philosophies

Confucianism: respect superiors and practice filial piety to have a stable society

Daoism: Be at peace with the world, let life take its course, avoid worries

Women in the Song Dynasty

They were considered 2nd class citizens
They were put into arranged marriages
Foot binding: the tight wrapping of young girls’ feet: done by women, broke bones to make feet small and delicate, to show a sign of status

Song Dynasty Innovations

Champa Rice (fast-growing strain) from Vietnam
Grand Canal
Used to transport grains to the North

Resulted in a population explosion in China

Magnetic Compass
Gunpowder

Moveable type = first printed books and paper money

China and Its Neighbors Reading

What is the significance of the term “Middle Kingdom”?

What was the purpose of the tribute system?

What was the relationship between China and nomadic groups?

	Korea	Vietnam	Japan
How did Chinese influence arrive in this region? Was it welcomed?	Chinese influence arrived in 108 BCE during an attempted invasion from the Han dynasty. Of the three countries, Korea was the most faithful to China and their “model” however still had their own distinct culture.		The Chinese influence in Japan arrived when the Korean’s introduced Buddhism, with its Chinese culture to Japan. It was welcomed by the Japanese and they consciously borrowed and adapted elements of Chinese civilization.
How did the Chinese influence this region?	Chinese strongly influence their culture and government, with the use of confucian tests to train government officials. Buddhism was adopted as well and became an important part of religion in Korea. Koreans also adapted China’s writing system, modifying it to fit their language.	Social and organizational influence, Chinese became the official language, and was part of the Chinese empire for 1000 years after it was invaded.	The Chinese influenced this region by introducing new religions and beliefs such as Buddhism and Confucianism. The Japanese also borrowed China's idea of a centralized state, used Chinese written and spoken language as an official language of the government; used Chinese writing system to adapt and a writing system for their own language. The Japanese emperor also became more absolutist like the Chinese emperor.
What unique cultural characteristics were retained by this region? (What was not changed by Chinese influence?)	Korea kept their language and was also never incorporated into the Chinese empire. They managed to stay culturally distinct and have their own customs.	Vietnam kept their language	Some unique cultural characteristics that were retained by Japan were noble women having the opportunity to thrive especially in a literary sense. Japan was also structured differently from China in a more hierarchical manner which was more like the feudal system in Europe.

Submit a 1-2 sentence thesis statement that answers the following prompt to the “China and Its Neighbors Discussion” on Canvas. “Evaluate the extent to which China influenced neighboring states during the postclassical period (600-1450 CE).”

The Spread and Impact of Islam Notes Sheet

Use evidence from the readings and documents to think about the central question: “How did Islam spread, and what impact did it have upon the regions it spread into?”

Islam Lecture Notes

Relationship to Other Religions

Same religious traditions as Judaism & Christianity
All believe in monotheism
Spiritual equality
Believe in prophecy

Main Beliefs and Principles

Major prophet: Muhammad
Major religious text: The Qur’an/Koran
Direct words from God (‘Allah’) to Mohammed, rather than interpretation.
Begins in the Arabian Peninsula
5 pillars (Shahada, Salaah, Zakat, Ramadan, Hajj)

Shahada - “There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His prophet”
Prayer (5 times towards Mecca)
Charity to the poor
Fasting during Ramadan
Hajj - (Pilgrimage to Mecca)

Important Events

570CE - Birth of Mohammed in Mecca
610CE - Beginning of revelations
622CE - Hijra: Forced migration of Mohammed and his followers from Mecca to Medina
630CE - Conquest of Mecca
632CE - Mohammed’s death
633CE - onward: Conquest of Persia & Byzantines

Reading: Rise of Muhammad the Prophet, Founder of Islam

In what historical context did Islam first appear? (What was the world like at the time?)

Islam first appeared in Medina during the Hijra, when most of the world was ruled by the Byzantine and Persian empire

What different ways did Muhammad use to recruit new believers and spread Islam?

Muhammad spread Islam by sharing his revelations and teachings, forming communities in Medina, and engaging with various tribes and leaders. He also emphasized the faith's spiritual equality and its appeal to those disillusioned with existing beliefs.

Why were the Arab militaries so successful against the Persians and Romans?

The Arab militaries were successful against the Persians and Romans due to their highly mobile cavalry, effective use of guerrilla tactics, unity under Islam which provided strong motivation, and the weakened state of their adversaries following years of conflict. These factors allowed them to execute swift and strategic attacks, resulting in rapid victories.

The author finishes by saying that after Arab success against Persians and Romans, "the heart of the world now gaped open." What do you think he means?

The phrase "the heart of the world now gaped open" suggests that the Arab victories over the Persians and Romans created an opportunity for the spread of Islam and its culture across vast regions, opening up new lands and societies to its influence. It signifies a moment of potential and transformation for the world as Islam began to expand rapidly.

Spread of Islam Document A

What role did merchants play in the spread of Islam and Islamic culture?

Merchants carried the religion of Islam around with them which helped it spread to isolated societies.

How did Islamic traditions and organization fit into African societies?

Islamic leaders played similar religious, political, and social roles to the traditional priest in African societies.

Spread of Islam Document B

What advantages and innovations did Islamic society provide?

Advantages and innovations that the Islamic society provided are paved roads, public lamps, good architecture like marble balconies and courts, stained glass, public schools for poor children, achievements in science, particularly in chemistry, astronomy, math, and medicine.

How did Islamic society compare to European society at this time?

The Islamic society was way ahead of European society in terms of innovations.

Spread of Islam Document C

How did Askia Mohammed remake the Songhai Empire?

Askia Mohammed remade the Songhai Empire by introducing legal and social reforms where Islamic judges were appointed in large districts of the Islamic empire, and justice was administered according to Muslim principles.

How was this different from previous rulers?

Previous leaders adopted Askia’s traditions of appointing Islamic judges, he converted them as much as possible.

Spread of Islam Document D

How did Islam spread to Egypt?

The Muslims conquered Egypt after 3 battles with the Romans and ruled it

How did the Muslims treat the rulers of the Christian community?

The Muslims respected the Christian community and they could practice their religion.

Spread of Islam Document E

Which of the Islamic innovations did you think were most important? List three below and explain your choices.

Germ Theory because it helped them understand the spread of diseases better than others did.
Trade Networks because they were able to trade and sell their resources with other nations.
Paper because they were able to document important information and write about important events.

What impact did Islam have on history and civilization?
Islam significantly impacted history and civilization by contributing to advancements in science, mathematics, medicine, and architecture. It facilitated trade networks that connected different cultures and regions, and it played a crucial role in preserving and transmitting knowledge during Europe’s Dark Ages.

Islam had a significant impact on history and civilization by making many advancements and being innovative. They were pioneering during the dark ages of Europe.