7.1 Shifting Power after 1900

In the first 20 years of the 20th century, rebellions took place in what places?

Russia, China, and Mexico

What was the result of these rebellions?

Revolutionaries unseated ruling governments in each government that challenged the excision political and social order

and institution of their political philosophies and practices.

Established land-based and maritime empires collapsed under pressure from internal and external factors.

Revolution in Russia

Describe the internal problems that Russia was facing:

1. Was not promoting its economic growth

2. Slow to expand education for peasants

3. Slow to build roads/transportation networks

4. Slow to support entrepreneurs with loans and contracts

5. Resisted calls for political reform

6. Reluctant to recognize civil liberties & allowing citizens to participate in the governments

Internal problems led to external ones.

Why did Russia become weaker in international affairs?

It did not have a strong economic base to support a military

Describe the following wars (who did Russia fight, years, outcomes):

★ Crimean War: A Loss against the Ottoman Empire that was supported by GB and France

★ Russo-Japanese War: Loss of power against East AsiaWho were the Bolsheviks and what did they do?

They were an organization representing the revolutionary working class of Russia under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin.

They had seized power and set up a communist government with Lenin at its head.

What did communists believe?

Workers should eventually own the means of production and that collective ownership would lead to collective

prosperity and a just society

The new Soviet (communist) government did the following:

1. Private trade

2. Distributed peasants crops to feed urban workers

3. Took ownership of the country’s factories & heavy industries

Events leading to Revolution in Russia:

★ Internal - Bloody Sunday - Workers marched peacefully to petition the tsar asking for better working conditions,

higher wages, and universal suffrage. Tsar troops & police began shooting, killing about 1300 marchers.

★ Internal - Revolution of 1905 - Strikes responding to Bloody Sunday, 400k workers refused to work and the tsar

tried to appease the protesters. In the end, thousands of workers had been killed injurded, or exiled.

★ External Russo-Japanese War - Russia & Japan wanted to expand their influence in Korea and Manchuria, Japan

won easily, and was the first time in modern history that a E. Asian state had defeated a European power.

★ External - WWI - Germany declared war on Russia in 1914, Russians realized how poorly trained & armed their

troops were. Civilians suffered from extreme food shortages.

Describe the effect of the Bolsheviks taking power over Russia and spreading communism:

First example of communists running a large country, People became worried that communists were a danger to their

governments (Europe to US to Japan), the conflict between communism and capitalism would shape world affairs in

the 20th century.

Upheaval in China

The Qing Dynasty existed from 1644 to 1911.

Describe the causes and effects of the following internal challenges faced by China:

★ Ehtnic Tension: China consisted of dozens of ethnic groups, the largest being the Han and the rulers of the Qing

Dynasty (Manchus) had conflict as the Han never saw the Manchus as legitimate rulers of China. Qing ruled

China for two centuries but remained ethnically distinct.

★ Famine: China had rapid population growth but could not provide a stable food supply. Natural disasters would

be the cause of the early deaths of thousands.

★ Government Revenues: Government revenues were very low, the imperial government had not updated the tax

system to go with the economy. As a result, taxes were low which meant China didn’t have the resources to

maintain roads, bridges, and irrigation canals.

Describe the European influence on China in the late 18th century:

In the late 18th century, China faced industrialization threats by Europe. Those Europeans interested in trade with China

could only trade with China in Canton. Europeans wanted many Chinese goods ( tea, rhubarb, porcelain, and silk ) and

traded them silver in return. China didn’t desire anything from Europe (unbalanced trade).What did Chinese people do in response to European influence in China? How did the Chinese feel about Europeans?

They rallied behind their empress and they saw them as violent and uncivilized.

Chinese Republic

The Qing dynasty ended in 1911 because of a revolutionary movement led by Sun Yat-sen.

Despite being a Christian, Yat-Sen believed China should continue to follow Confucian traditions like:

1. Loyalty

2. Respect for elders

3. Efforts to support social harmony

Describe the ideas laid out in the book The Three People’s Principles:

★ Democracy - A country governed by active and pragmatic experts in the name of the people.

★ Nationalism - Patriotism and loyalty, primarily to central authority.

★ Livelihood - End the extremely unequal distribution of wealth and the harsh economic exploitation.

Legacy

Why could Sun never rule all of China? What did he do in response to this weakness?

He did not have enough military strength to rule all of China, so various warlords were in charge of the majority of the

country. He gave up military leader after two months.

Describe the future for the Sun led Chinese Nationalist Party:

They would regain power and rule China for two decades before losing in a civil war to Chinese communists.

Self-Determination in the Ottoman Collapse

The Ottoman Empire (the Sick Man of Europe) had which two bad things going on?

1. Few exports

2. Waning agricultural economy

Who were the Young Turks and what did they want? Include the word Turkification.

A group of young reformers advocated for a constitution and Turkification, an effort to make all citizens of the

multiethnic empire identify with Turkish culture.

Who was opposed to Turkification and what did the young turks do in response?

Armenian Christians, the young Turks had scapegoated or unfairly blamed them for their economic fallout.

Why did the Turks resent Europe?

1. Imposed trade privileges

2. Foreign Investments

3. Economic policies

Who did the Ottoman Empire side with in WWI and why?

The Ottomans sided with Germany because of those resentments.

What was the result of WWI on the Ottoman Empire?

It was dismantled by those victorious and made into many independent countries and a smaller nation-state (Rep. of

Turkey)

Why was the Ottoman Empire considered a puppet state?

The sultan had little power and was a puppet to British forces which had the goal of taking the former empires land.

What was the Turkish National Group? Who were the led by and what did they achieve in 1923?

A group that organized an army to fight for self-discrimination. Led by Mustafa Kemal and in 1923, Kamal became the

first president of The Republic of Turkey.

Define Ataturk:

Father of the Turks,His policies focused on being more like Western Democracies. How did he do this?

1. Establishing public education for boys and girls

2. Abolishing polygyny

3. Expanding suffrage to include women

4. Wore Western clothing and encouraged others to do the same

Power Shifts in Mexico

Describe what Mexico was like until Porfirio Diaz:

Stable and had economic progress, they also allowed foreign investors over the country's resources.

What were the major causes of the Mexican Revolution? (4 things)

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Diax jailing the opposition candidate for president

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Growing opposition to Diaz’s policies

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Accommodation to foreign powers

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Opposition to land reform

Who was Francisco “Pancho Villa”?

Fransisco Madero

Who was Emiliano Zapata?

A leader who began the actual process of redistributing land to impoverished peasants.

Describe the two results of the conflicts in Mexico from 1910 - 1930.

1. Adopting a new constitution in 1917. Goals of land redistribution, universal suffarge, and public education

2. The Institutional Revolutionary Party was formed in 1929.

-> Dominated Mexican politics