Developments in Dar Al-Islam
Islamic Capital @ Baghdad (modern day Iraq).
Built around trade: used receipt and credit system.
The Abbasid decline led to the rise of the Turkic Muslim Empires such as the Seljuk.

The Song Dynasty (960-1279)

Neo-Confucianism: emphasis on hierarchy and filial piety.
Women faced legal rights restrictions and social limitations, like footbinding.
Filial Piety: practice of honoring one's ancestors and parents, placed lowest importance to daughter in law.
Expansion of the Imperial Bureaucracy through merit-based bureaucratic jobs to maintain loyalty.
Economic developments through Champa Rice, Grand Canal expansion, and trade across Eurasia.

The Crusades (1095-1291)

Military campaigns by European Christians to convert Muslims and non-Christians.

The Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

Led to the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia.
Rajput kingdoms resisted the Muslim intrusion, maintaining Hindu influence.

Reign of Genghis Khan (1206-1227)

Genghis Khan establishes Mongol Empire in 1206.
Unified the tribes in Mongolia to expand their authority over other societies.

Impact of Mongols:

Great diffusers of culture.
Prevented Russia from culturally developing.
World trade, cultural diffusion, global awareness grew as they spread through Europe, Middle East, and Asia.
Ruthless fighters, organized, and mobile.
Importance of Trade in the Mongol Empire
- Silk Roads established by the Han dynasty, also influential to the Mongols.

The Magna Carta (1215)

Signed for the right to a fair trial for citizens.

End of Abbasid Caliphate (1258)

The Mongols overthrew and destroyed Baghdad.

The Yuan Dynasty (1270-1366)

The first Foreign-ruled dynasty to commandeer all of China, led by Mongols.

Ottoman Empire (1299-1923)

Founded by Osman Bey as the Mongol Empire fell and expanded rapidly.
Islamic, solidified rule over territory from Greece to Persia.
Adoption of Gunpowder weapons crucial for expansion.
Devshirme: enslaved Christians from Balkans converted to Islam to form elite fighting forces (Janissaries).

Contextual Developments

Connecting specific events to the "Big Picture".
Historical context requires thinking and understanding cultural setting.
Avoiding "present-ism" - the tendency to interpret the past based on modern values & concepts.

Mansa Musa's Pilgrimage to Mecca (1324)

This pilgrimage introduced the wealth of Mali to the rest of the Mediterranean.

Tenochtitlan Founded (1325)

Capital City of Aztec Empire showcasing established and commercialized markets opened.

Ibn Battuta's Travels (1325-1354)

Travelled all over Dar Al-Islam, possible with trade routes.
Helped his readers understand the cultures across the world.

Black Death (1346-1388)

Emerged in North China, spread rapidly across the Silk Roads and the Indian Ocean Trade routes.
Middle East, killed 1/3 of their population.
Europe, killed 1/3 of their population.

The Ming Dynasty (1366-1644)

Came with the decline of Mongol rule in China.
Established peace and order, expanded their borders with gunpowder.

Zheng He's Voyages (1405-1433)

Sent by the Ming Dynasty to go explore the Indian Ocean and enroll other states in China's tributary system.

Aztec Empire (1428-1521)

Tenochtitlan: Capital City (modern Mexico City)
Expansionist policy and professional strict army.
To secure their legitimacy as rulers, Mexica claimed heritage from older Mesoamerican peoples.

Inca Empire (1438-1533)

Expansionist: army, established bureaucracy, unified language, system of roads and tunnels.
Established Mit'a System: required labor of everyone for a period of time each year to work on state projects.
Inca Roads.

East Africa States (1440)

Swahili State building flourishes.

Printing Press Invented (1440)

Johannes Gutenberg: inventor.
Made books easy to produce and affordable, and literacy more accessible to everyone.

Caravel Invented (1400s)

Advances in ship technology

Start of Atlantic Slave Trade (1441)

Transporting between 10 and 12 million enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean.
Conditions were brutal, overcrowded and unsanitary.
Period 2: c. \text{1450-1750}

Ottoman Empire Conquers Constantinople (1453)

Russia Breaks Free from Mongol Rule (1450-1490)

Songhai Empire Thrives (Islamic State) (1464-1591)

Birth of Sikhism (1469)

Held onto significant doctrines from Islam + Hinduism

Spain Completes The Reconquista (1492)

Reconquista: effort to rid the Iberian Peninsula of Muslim rule.
Re-established Christianity as the official religion of the region.

Columbus' Voyage (1492)

Marks start of Spanish colonization and the Columbian Exchange.

Portugal Colonizes (1491)

Portugal colonization in the Americas.
Vasco da Gama reaches India (1498).

Safavid Empire (1501-1722)

Emerges as the largest Shia Empire.
In conflict with the Sunni Ottoman.

First enslaved Africans in Americas (1518)

Protestant Reformation (1517)

95 theses, Martin Luther.

Mughal Empire (1526-1748)

Akbar: religious tolerance and supports the arts (1556-1605).
Aurangzeb: persecution of Hindus and Sikhs.
Ended when last ruler Bahadur Shah II was sent into exile, increasing Bhakti Movement and Sufism.

Discovery of Silver at Potosi Mine (1545)

Silver was "king."

Scientific Revolution (1550-1700)

Russian Empire Emerges (1552)

Ivan the Terrible

Invention of the Fluyt (1595)

Responsible for half of all Europe's shipping tonnage.

The British East India Company Established (1600)

Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868)

Strict government that instituted a rigid social class movement model.
National seclusion policy.

Jamestown (1607)

British Virginia company, role in funding projects

Taj Mahal Construction Start (1632)

Louis XIV (1643-1715)

Absolute monarchy reigns in France.

Newton's Principia Published (1687)

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

Governs China.
Manchu Empire.
Expulsion, division between Manchu and Han, isolationism.

Peter the Great Modernizes Russia (1689-1725)

Glorious Revolution (England) (1689)

The Enlightenment (1715-1789)

Effects: major revolutions, expansion of suffrage, abolition of slavery, end of serfdom, calls for women's suffrage.
Montesquieu
Ends up being reason for change in period 3. Period 3: c. \text{1750-1900}

7 Year's War (1756-1763)

Beginning of English Colonization in India (1757)

First Industrialization Revolution (1760-1789)

Main Engine, the steam engine. Understand WHY Britain came first, new advancements.
Important topics: Charles Darwin, Adam Smith, and Karl Marx.
Factory Act of 1883.

American Revolution (1765-1783)

Provided a template for other nations
Role of Enlightenment in the American Revolution.

French Revolution (1789-1799)

Causes: Social inequality between the estates, economic hardships, enlightenment, weak leadership, food shortages.

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

Beginning of Feminism

Vindication of the rights of woman by Mary Wollstonecraft published.
Became a symbol for the feminist movements.

Napoleon's Reign in France (1799-1815)

Latin Revolutions (1806-1826)

Simon Bolivar, enlightenment ideas.

Congress of Vienna (1815)

Opium Wars (1839-1860)

Treaty of Nanjing.

Tanzimat Reforms (1834-1876)

Steps towards industrialization in Egypt

Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849)

Widespread famine - many died.
Caused Irish migration westward

Communist Manifesto Published (1848)

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Call for a constitutional amendment that recognized women's right to vote.

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

Qing Dynasty began to weaken.

Sepoy Mutiny in India (1857)

Failed, British then made all of India crown colony.

Suez Canal Built by Britain & Egypt (1859)

Social Darwinism (1860-1870)

Theory of survival of the "fittest".
Begins to take shape.

Russian Serfs Emancipated (1861)

Emancipation Proclamation in USA (1863)

King Leopold rules Congo (1865-1909)

Commits human rights crimes to get rubber.

Meiji Restoration (1868-1912)

Westernization, Japan became a world power
Cause: After Matthew Perry demanded Japan open to trade with the US, Japan realized its technological inferiority and adopted Western technology for self-protection.

Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914)

Unification of Germany (1871)

Otto von Bismarck.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Berlin Conference (1885)

Beginning of the "Scramble for Africa".

Europeans Spheres of Influence in China (1890)

Manchus still had authority.

Spanish-American War (1898)

U.S. acquires Guam, Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba.

United Fruit Company (1899)

Plays a integral role western strengthening rule in developing countries

Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)

Period 4: c. 1900 to present

Muslim League Founded (1906)

Supporters for a separate nation for the Muslims of India (Pakistan).

Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)

Peasant armies led by Poncho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, unsuccessful.

World War I (1914-1918)

Causes: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.
Assassination of Gavrilo Princip, "total war", propaganda, trench warfare, Indian infantry.
End: Paris peace conference, the Treaty of Versailles.

Armenian Genocide (1915-1923)

Russian Revolution (1917)

Russian citizens grew tired of Tsar regime
Bolsheviks

Zimmerman Telegram (1917)

A secret telegram between German diplomats saying Mexico could regain territory taken by US if they joined forces
Led to widespread American support for getting involved in WWI.

League of Nations (1920)

Has weak spots that made it disintegrate later.

Reza Shah Pahlavi Rises (1925)

Initiated westernization in Iran
Related in road to the Iranian revolution

The Great Depression (1929-1933)

New Deal by FDR (1933)

Infrastructure projects, retirement program

World War II (1939-1945)

The Holocaust (1941-1945)
- Desire to create a pure race
- Nuremberg Laws
Stalin in Power (1941-1953)
- Industrialisation of USSR, the five-year plan
Nationalism and its role in fascism

Green Revolution (1943-1978)

New disease resistance and high-yielding varieties of crops were being develop.

Chinese Communist Revolution (1945-1950)

Hiroshima & Nagasaki Bombing (1945)

United Nations Created (1945)

Philippines (1946)

Partition of India (1947)

Gandhi led peaceful protests for independence
Indian national congress

Japanese Empire Ends (1947)

Truman Doctrine (1947)

Containment

Beginning of Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (1947/1948)

Cold War (1947-1991)

World Health Organization Established (1948)

Motives: Cold War US (capitalism) + Soviet Union (communism) did not want each other its influence to be beyond their borders spread
Arms race and Proxy wars, like in Korea and Vietnam

Israel Founded (1948)

Berlin Blockade (1948-1949)

NATO Established (1949)

A military alliance consisting of the United States and Western European countries.
Motive: provide collective defense against aggression and promote stability in the North Atlantic region

Korean War (1950-1953)

The Cuban Revolution (1953-1959)

The Warsaw Pact (1955)

Vietnam War (1955-1975)

Communist north Vietnam launched an invasion on South Vietnam
US increased military support in south vietnam as they feared a communist takeover in vietnam would cause the rest of the region to become communist
Ho Chi Minh

Polio Vaccine Approved (1955)

De-Stalinization (1956)

Khrushchev gains power in USSR (1956)

Great Leap Forward (1958-1962)

Mao Zedong's idea to boost Chinese econ.
Combined farmers into small communes.
To achieve Marxist state.

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)

“Military industrial complex”

Bay of Pigs (1961)

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Cultural Revolution (China) (1966-1976)

Withdrawal of Soviet support Mao Zedong's attempt to stop the influence of capitalism shipped many off to countryside for "re-education"

Iranian Revolution (1979)

Overthrew the Shah due to dissatisfaction with modernisation
Emerged was a new government that complied with the Islamic law (sharia)
Human rights advancements were reversed and women went back to traditional roles - Koran became the basis of legal system

Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)

Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)

Fall of USSR (1991)

End of Cold War
1980's : soviets send troops to Afghanistan under Marxist military leader Nur Muhammad Taraki

War in the Gulf (1990)

Taliban, Al Qaeda, Osama Bin Laden
Iraq invades Kuwait under Saddam Hussein's leadership to gain control of oil reserves.
United Nations sends forces to drive Iraqis out, leading to the Persian Gulf War.
UN liberates Kuwait and imposes severe limitations on Iraqi military - economic activity, though Hussein remains in power for another decade

NAFTA came into effect (1994)

Eliminated most tariffs on products traded between Canada, Mexico, and the US

The 9/11 Terrorist Attacks (2001)

Al Qaeda attacked US by hijacking 4 US planes and flung 2 into world trade centers, 1 in to the pentagon, and 1 into a field in Pennsylvania
Following this, US declares a war on terrorism and invades Afghanistan- removing the Taliban from power and killing Osama Bin Laden (Al Qaeda persists)
2003, coalition of countries, mostly the us and Briton, invaded iraq to capture the Hussain
Hussein captured December of 2003, + a democratic government as formed in 2005

Note