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### Unit Intro: Brainstorm

Big Ideas

- Thermal energy is a form of energy that can be transferred and transformed.

- Many sources of heat.

- Heat has both positive and negative effects on the environment.

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### Lesson 1: Heat, Temperature, and the Particle Theory

Key Vocabulary:

- Particle Theory: Explains matter as made of particles in constant motion.

- Heat: Thermal energy transferred from one object to another, measured in Joules (J).

- Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion in particles.

- Temperature: Measure of the average kinetic energy of particles, in degrees Celsius (℃).

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### The Sun

- Earth’s main source of energy.

- Necessary for all living things to grow, move, and stay warm.

- Energy from the Sun affects non-living things.

- Earth absorbs energy from the Sun and transfers some back into space.

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### Heat vs. Temperature

Definitions:

- Heat: Thermal energy transfer, measured in Joules (J).

- Temperature: Measures the heat of an object's particles, in degrees Celsius (℃).

Important Temperatures:

- Freezing point of water: 0℃

- Boiling point of water: 100℃

- Average body temperature: 37.5℃

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### The Particle Theory

Principles:

1. All matter is made of particles.

2. Particles have spaces between them.

3. Particles are always moving.

4. Particles move faster when heated.

5. Particles attract each other.

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### States of Matter

Solid:

- Shape: Definite shape

- Space between particles: Very little

- Attraction: Very strong

- Movement: Vibrate in place

- Heat added: Moves faster, melts, volume increases

- Heat removed: Moves slower, gains more attractive forces, decreases in volume

Liquid:

- Shape: Shape of container

- Space between particles: Farther than solids

- Attraction: Semi-weak

- Movement: Moves freely, slides

- Heat added: Moves faster, boils, volume increases

- Heat removed: Moves slower, freezes, decreases in volume

Gas:

- Shape: Shape of container

- Space between particles: Very far apart

- Attraction: Very weak

- Movement: Moves freely, far apart

- Heat added: Builds pressure and increases in temperature, volume increases

- Heat removed: Moves slower, condenses, volume decreases

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### Particle Theory Review Questions

Fill in the Blanks:

1. All matter is made up of particles.

2. When heat is removed from a gas, it condenses into a liquid.

3. When heat is added to a solid, it goes through melting.

4. Particles that flow and take the shape of their containers are in the form of gas and liquid.

5. When heat is added to a liquid, it goes through boiling.

6. When heat is removed from a liquid, it freezes into a solid.

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### Explaining Hot and Cold

- Warmth is caused by the motion of small particles making up matter.

- Faster-moving particles feel warmer.

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### Lesson 2: The Heating Curve

Big Ideas:

- Heating and cooling curves plot temperature vs. time.

- Determine melting and boiling points using the curve.

The Heating Curve:

- A system is an isolated container to study mass/energy transfer effects.

- Energy input heats the system, causing temperature changes.

- Phase changes show as plateaus on the curve.

Graph Example:

- Plateau at 100℃ indicates boiling.

- Water reaches 80℃ at approx. 300 seconds (5 minutes).

Phases:

- Phase A: All solid

- Phase B: Melting (solid and liquid)

- Phase C: All liquid

- Phase D: Boiling/vaporizing (liquid and gas)

- Phase E: All gas

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### Lesson 3: Heat Transfer

Key Vocabulary:

- Conduction: Heat transfer through direct contact.

- Convection: Heat transfer through fluid movement.

- Radiation: Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves.

- Radiant Energy: Energy from radiation.

Bill Nye on Heat:

- Three heat transfer types: Conduction, Convection, Radiation.

- Cold molecules move slower than hot molecules.

- Natural convection: Hot air rises, cooler air replaces it.

- Examples: Conduction (pan), Convection (fireplace), Radiation (fire).

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### Lesson 4: Heating and Cooling of the Earth

Big Ideas:

- Solar radiation heats the Earth.

- Greenhouse gases trap heat, warming the Earth.

- Excess greenhouse gases can cause negative climate change.

Greenhouse Effect:

- Earth's temperature depends on the Sun's heat.

- Solar radiation: Absorbed or reflected.

- Unreleased radiation could overheat Earth.

- Greenhouse effect: Warming due to trapped gases.

- Greenhouse gases: Methane, CO2, ozone, nitrous oxide.

- Excess gases lead to global climate change, sea level rise, and negative impacts.

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### Lesson 5: Technologies That Reduce Heat Loss

Importance:

- Technologies reduce heat loss, protecting the environment and ensuring sustainability.

Technologies:

Insulated Clothing

- What is it? Clothing that traps air to keep warm.

- Advantages: Keeps body warm.

- Disadvantages: Can be bulky.

Building Insulation

- What is it? Material that prevents heat transfer.

- Advantages: More comfortable homes.

- Disadvantages: Can be expensive.

Green Roofs

- What is it? Roofs covered with vegetation.

- Advantages: Insulate buildings, visually appealing.

- Disadvantages: Requires maintenance.

Energy-Efficient Buildings

- What is it? Designs that minimize energy use.

- Advantages: Environmentally friendly.

- Disadvantages: Higher initial cost.

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Helpful Websites:

- Insulated Clothing: Sports Experts, Ellis Brigham

- Building Insulation: This Old House, Ecotelligent Homes

- Green Roofs: Green Roofers, Leaf Filter

- Energy-Efficient Buildings: Energy Education, Pembina Institute