Exam: May 11, 2023

Heimler’s History review List of study guides

Unit 1

1.1– Song China

• Song China in 1200-1450 was powerful

• Song Dynasty state structure had several departments

  • imperial bureaucracy

    

• Confucianism-- hierarchical worldview (everyone has their place)

  • Civil Service Exam enforced it & created a higher scholarly class

• Wide trade across Afro-Eurasia, commercialized Chinese society

• Innovation

  • large iron industry

  • creation of paper money

  • artisanal labor for textiles & porcelain

  • invention of gunpowder (used for fireworks & military)

  • champa rice

  • Grand Canal (transportation/trade)

• New forms of Buddhism

• Effects on other countries-- Japan (tried to stay independent) & Korea

1.2– Dar al-Islam

• Islamic Abbasid caliphate rose, but began to fracture

  • united by Arabic/Islamic traditions

• South Asian Delhi Sultanate established (Islam spread by Turks)

  • conflict between Hinduism & Islam

  • Muslim missionaries— Sufis appealed to Hindus (especially lower castes)

• West African Islam spread through travelling merchants

  • Mansa Musa

• Economics

  • merchants/economy was valued by Muslims

  • dominant in trade —> created forms of banking, credit, business contracts, etc.

• Technology

  • improved rockets & papermaking (Chinese)

  • translating Greek & scientific/other texts

    • House of Wisdom

1.3– India & South East Asia

• South Asian state building

  • Hinduism —> Islam —> Buddhism

  • Hindus had most power, Muslims wanted to expand

  • Delhi Sultanate brothers converted for power & created Vijayanagara Empire

  • Bhakti Movement

    • emotional side of Hindu devotion, emphasized one god

    • similar to Sufi Muslims

  • Rigid caste system divided society hierarchically (long continuity)

  • Advances made with Middle East

• South East Asian state building

  • Hinduism —> Buddhism —> Islam (all brought from merchants)

  • Sea-based powers (like Majapahit Empire) controlled sea routes

  • Land-based powers (like Khmer Empire) controlled agriculture

1.4 + 1.5– the Americas & Africa

• North American state building

  • Mississippian culture— built monumental mounds

  • rigid class system (Great Sun —> priests/nobles —> other)

  • Southwest American state building

    • arid land, brick houses

• Central American state building

  • Aztec capital city Tenochtitlan was prosperous (built on water)

  • used tribute system (like a tax for being conquered) to establish wide political dominance

• African state building

  • sub-Saharan Africa agriculture was prominent

  • no centralized government— small, kin-based networks with chiefs & councils

  • Hausa Kingdom had several states with specialized purposes (agriculture, military, etc.)

  • trans-Saharan trade routes spread Islam

  • oral literature— griottes told stories of lineage

1.6– Europe

• Roman Empire fell —> Byzantine Empire

  • Europe was divided between small kingdoms

• Feudalism— classes have obligations

  • serfs were tied to the land & the lord

• Dark Ages— decline of trade, standard of living, intellectual life

• High Middle Ages— rise of powerful kings (less power to feudal lords)

  • established large bureaucracies

  • put together huge standing armies

• Noble class gained power again

  • Magna Carta— noble class was guaranteed rights

  • established English parliament

• Roman Catholic Church persisted

  • established first universities (philosophers/thinkers/educators were religious)

  • art had religious themes (combatted illiteracy)

• Church vs. State tensions

  • Crusades— Christians wanted to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims; shifted power to the church

• Marco Polo went to China & spread the culture to Europe (innovations in cartography)

• Bourgeoisie (middle class) developed— shopkeepers, merchants, small landowners

• Small Ice Age impacted agriculture —> smaller population —> less trade —> falling economy

• Renaissance (rebirth)— Greek/Roman culture, art, & literature

Summary:

• State building— a state is an organized political community under one government

  • China’s Golden Age (developed technology)

    • food technology = growing population

  • Delhi Sultanate (hard to convert Indians to Islam)

  • Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate was a slave empire

    • non-Muslims forced into military overthrew the government

  • Vijayanagara Empire & Chola Kingdom in India used trade

  • Mali Empire in Africa used centralized power to gain incredible wealth

  • Aztecs in America ruled indirectly with tribute system

  • Incans used mit’a system to enforce mandatory public service

  • Europeans shifted from feudalism to monarchy

• Religion

  • Islam used shared beliefs and language to unite

  • Confucianism allowed Song China to justify their rule (Civil Service Exam)

  • Hinduism & Buddhism spread in South/South East Asia

    • caste system consolidated power

  • Roman Catholic Church organized society separately from the state (states were weak and divided)

    • church vs. state

  • Conversion through missionaries or military (for opportunities); trade facilitated conversion

• Technology

  • Champa rice from Vietnam helped China

  • Paper making increased literacy across Afro-Eurasia

    • more learning of medicine & math

    • House of Wisdom— studied & translated old texts

• Nomads

  • pastorals in Central Asia controlled a huge empire & created political stability/safer trade

  • influence of nomads decreased (less role in trade)

Unit 2

2.1, 2.3, 2.4– Silk Road, Indian Ocean, Trans-Saharan

• Silk Road— from China to Europe & North Africa

  • transport of luxury goods, especially Chinese silk

  • spread culture (like Buddhism) through merchants; cultures changed (like new forms of Buddhism)

  • transferred diseases to people without immunity

    • Black Death— heavily impacted Europe, China, & Islamic regions

• Indian Ocean— from China to East Africa; linked societies by sea

  • largest sea-based system ever at the time

  • ships could transfer more goods for cheaper, so more trade of common goods as well as luxury goods

  • porcelain = China; spices = Southeast Asia; cotton/pepper = India; ivory/gold = East Africa

  • Technology: monsoon winds, magnetic compass, astrolabe, Chinese junks

  • Spread of culture

    • Srivijaya Kingdom in Southeast Asia created competition (Strait of Malacca was shortest route)

    • Swahili city-states urbanized Africa; Islam spread

• Trans-Saharan— linked North Africa & Mediterranean with inner Africa

  • variety of goods = more trade

  • use of camels made trade easier

  • Mali Empire had trade & taxes; social hierarchy formed

• Causes of increased trade

  • Tang & Song Dynasties in China created economic prosperity

  • spread of Islam promoted trade

2.2– Mongol Empire

• Mongols were the most significant pastorals

• largest land-based empire in all of human history

• little cultural impact (no new language, religion, or lasting civilization)

• Genghis Khan— ruler of Mongol Empire

  • united fractured Mongol tribes; became chief of his followers

  • strength in his brutality & military

  • carefully organized his army to effectively control his troops (creating fierce loyalty)

  • had religious tolerance

  • incorporated conquered peoples into his tribes

• expansion of Mongols began with invading China

  • grew to accommodate locals

  • united China (Chinese believed Mongols followed the Mandate of Heaven); Mongols used the same administration & taxation

  • Yuan Dynasty— improved roads, canals, education, & art

  • Mongols were eventually driven out

• Conquest of Persia

  • Muslim Persians were slaughtered (sacking of Baghdad)

  • Mongols were influenced by Persians (used their administrative system)

    • many converted to Islam

  • Mongols slowly disappeared/assimilated

2.5– Cultural Consequences of Trade

• Religion spread to new places— either unified the people or syncretized

  • Buddhism & Neoconfucianism underwent sycnretism

  • Muslim merchants spread Islam —> creation of Swahili language

• Medical advances & technological advances in ships (lateen sail, stern rudder, compass, astrolabe, etc.)

• Urbanization and growth of cities

• Travelers/merchants

  • Marco Polo— travelled with Chinese, spread stories to Europeans

  • Ibn Batutta— journals of travels impacted Muslims

2.6– Environmental Consequences of Trade

• Agriculture

  • merchants spread crops— Vietnamese Champa rice led to Chinese population growth & terrace farming

  • Indonesian bananas in Africa allowed populations to migrate

  • increased population —> environmental degradation

• Little Ice Age in 1300s harmed environment

• Disease

  • Black Death— trade routes (caravanserai) & Mongols spread the fleas

  • lords’ demand for labor led to workers’ rights in Europe

Summary:

• Trade routes: Silk Road, Indian Ocean, Trans-Saharan

  • facilitated by large states (Mongols)

  • new technology for trade

  • cultural (spread of religion) and environmental (agriculture/disease) exchange

  • growth of cities, especially on trade routes

• Promotion of travel

• Better wages in Europe after Black Death

• Mongols were strongest, largest empire (from China to the west)

  • Pax Mongolica

  • began trend of centralization

Unit 3

3.1– Empires Expand

• Gunpowder Empires used firearms to control/expand large territory

  • Russia, Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, & Mughal Empire

• Europe was recovering

  • printing press

  • monarchies centralized power

    • controlled taxation, military, & religion

  • bureaucracy— government officials that execute orders

  • middle class grows

• Ming Dynasty in China restored Great Wall of China —> Qing Dynasty expanded

• Islamic Empires

  • Ottomans were the strongest Islamic empire

    • conquered Constantinople

  • Safavids supported Shi’a Islam, not Sunni (caused conflict with Ottomans)

  • Mughals were very prosperous

• Gunpowder empires fell because they didn’t modernize economically & militarily

3.2– Administration of Empires

• Europe used divine right to consolidate power

  • Justices of the Peace settled local disputes & executed rules

  • English Bill of Rights gave freedoms to the people

  • France had absolutism (Versailles)

• East Asia

  • Ming Dynasty got rid of Mongols— reestablished civil service exam & bureaucracy

  • Japanese system was feudal-like

    • daimyo (aristocrat) —> samurai (paid warriors)

    • Japan unified with Tokugawa Shogunate— shogun watches over daimyo

• Islamic Empires

  • Ottomans used tax farming & devshirme— slaves from territories for military & officials; janissaries were elite soldiers

  • Mughal Empire collected taxes with zamindar

• Religion, art, & architecture legitimized rule

  • Songhai Empire used Islam

  • India used Taj Mahal

  • Ottomans used mosques

  • France used Versailles

3.3– Belief Systems

• Roman Catholic Church

  • used to provide stability, but rise of monarchies took over

  • corruption of Church (selling sin absolution & church offices) —> Martin Luther’s 95 Theses spread by printing press

  • Protestant Reformation split church & state, Church began to repair its corruption

• Islamic dispute

  • Shi’a Safavids & Sunni Ottomans had major conflict

  • Mughal Empire was very religiously tolerant (led to development of Sikhism)

Summary:

• How did land-based empires gain & maintain power?

  • consolidated & legitimized power (“I’m in charge, here’s why”)

• Power

  • centralized government with bureaucracy (group of people who carry out will of the ruler)

    • helps with collecting taxes— Aztecs used tribute system to rule indirectly

  • strong military

    • gunpowder & other weapons

    • elite soldiers (e.g. janissaries)

  • religion

    • caliphs (successor to Muhammad), divine right, conversion to Islam

    • Protestant Reformation

    • Ottoman Sunni vs. Safavid Shi’a

  • art & architecture

    • portraits of rulers

    • giant structures (e.g. Taj Mahal, Versailles)

Unit 4

4.1– Technological Innovations in Sea-Based Empires

• hard for Europeans to establish trade —> wanted new route to Asia —> new ship technology

  • Portuguese created caravel (small, fast, carried lots of cargo)

  • Dutch created fluyt (only made for trade, could carry a lot of cargo, cheaper)

4.2– European Exploration

• States sponsored exploration for Gold, God, & Glory

  • mercantilism— maximize resources & profit

  • Christian missionaries

  • wanted large empires; competition

    

• Trading-post Empire— small bits of land in strategic locations around Afro-Eurasian coast

• Portuguese

  • Bartholomew Diaz— sailed to tip of Africa

  • Vasco de Gama— sailed around tip of Africa to India & claimed India

  • some Chinese converted to Christianity

  • trading-post empire, monopoly on spice, charge for trade through posts

• Spanish

  • Ferdinand Magellan— went around South America to the Philippines

  • Christopher Columbus— found gold & silver in Aztec & Incan empires

• English

  • John Cabot— found North America

  • established Jamestown

• French

  • found Canada had lots of natural resources

  • established Quebec & trading posts with the natives

• Dutch

  • Henry Hudson— found Hudson River & New Amsterdam

4.3– Columbia’s Exchange

• Columbian Exchange— transfer of people, animals, plants, & diseases

  • merged Eastern & Western hemispheres

  • harmed natives & benefited Europeans

• Diseases

  • isolation of the natives meant they had no immunity

  • smallpox— caused large-scale death of natives

• Animals & food

  • Europeans sent pigs, cows, wheat, grapes, etc. to Americas; changed diets

  • introduction of horses to America changed native lifestyles (easier to hunt, military)

  • Europeans gained cacao, maize, & potatoes; led to population growth

• Agriculture & labor

  • Europeans used the natives as slaves to harvest gold/silver

  • Brazilian slaves were familiar to their land & escaped

  • Trans-Atlantic slave trade

    • imported African slaves (Kongo kingdom)

    • African population still grew because of the Columbian Exchange

  • large-scale agriculture & dense populations —> deforestation, soil depletion, pollution, & water depletion

4.4– Maritime Empires Established

• Africans + Portuguese

  • trading posts had local leaders

  • traded with Africans (firearms for slaves)

    • led to conflict with tribes

  • slave trade led to economic & cultural gains

    • Kongo had Christian influence

• Japan isolated itself from Europeans

  • merchants & missionaries had little influence, but Japan soon cut off trade anyways

• British began trading posts in India— British East India Co.

  • used Muslim vs. Hindu conflict to their advantage

• Spain & Portugal fought for control in the Americas

  • Treaty of Tordesillas split the world in half for Spanish & Portuguese rule

• Indian Ocean trade shifted from culturally-controlled to militarily-controlled

• Coerced labor— forced labor

  • hacienda system— land owners controlled lower class workers

  • encomienda system— beneficiary controlled a certain number of natives (protection & Christian education for tribute/labor)

  • mit’a system— Incan system where people had to work on public projects; used for mining silver

  • chattel slavery— people are owned as property

  • indentured servitude (less popular because people went free)

• African slaves were used because diseases diminished natives & natives escaped often

  • African dynamics shifted (polygyny) & were cut off from their culture

  • Mediterranean/Indian Ocean slaves had better work & could develop their own community

4.5– Maritime Empires Developed/Maintained

• European use of mercantilism (more exports, less imports)

• Joint-stock companies financed colonial expansion through private investors

• Commercial Revolution— American gold & silver heavily impacted global market (high Chinese demand for silver)

• Triangular Trade— manufactured goods from Europe to Africa —> slaves from Africa to America —> raw materials from America to Europe

• European vs. Muslim conflict over trade routes

• Monopoly— when one person/group controls a certain market (exclusive trading rights)

  • Spanish monopolized tobacco

• Europeans destroyed native cultural & social systems (book burning, establishing English & Christianity)

• Syncretism— blending of beliefs

4.6– Challenges to State Power

• Portuguese conflict with African allies led to revolt with the Dutch against the Portuguese

• Colonial resistance

  • Pugachev Rebellion— cossacks, Russian serfs, rebelled against serfdom (unsuccessful)

  • Hindu Indians successfully rebelled against Muslim Mughals & ended Mughal rule

  • Pueblo Revolt— natives fought against the Spanish because of forced Christianity

  • Metacom’s War— North American natives fought against the British (unsuccessful)

• Slavery resistance

  • Stono Rebellion— South Carolina revolt against white workers

4.7– Changing Social Hierarchies

• Ottoman Empire had a warrior aristocracy

  • Islamic scholars held the power

  • janissaries wanted power, led to coups

  • incapable sultans were advised by viziers; viziers held the power

  • Jews found sanctuary in Ottoman Empire but had to pay jizya

  • women didn’t have direct power so they used their sons

    • Harem politics— a group of women could hold a lot of power

• Qing Dynasty kept the civil service exam & bureaucracy

  • Qing was intolerant of Han Chinese in the government

  • Han Chinese were massacred

• European hierarchy

  • royalty was above nobility but both struggled for power

    • King Louis forced nobility to stay in Versailles to keep control

  • Russia: tsar —> boyars (aristocracy) —> merchants —> peasants

    • Boyars opposed Ivan & lost

• American systems changed with Europeans

  • Casta system

Summary:

• Sea-based empires were led by Europe

  • advancement of maritime technology

• found the Americas & began Columbian Exchange

  • disease, food, animals (horses), slaves

• Atlantic Slave Trade was used for agricultural labor (chattel labor)

  • also used encomienda, hacienda, & mit’a system

• Mercantilism was the dominant economic system (pie analogy)

  • led to colonial expansion for more resources & exports

  • trading-post empires (e.g. Brazil by the Portuguese)

  • funded by the states & joint-stock companies

• New social hierarchies— American casta system

Unit 5

5.1– Enlightenment

• Enlightenment– movement that emphasized the use of logic with natural laws

  • contrasted old idea of revelation/religion

  • Empiricism (Francis Bacon)– reality is understood through the senses

  • John Locke– natural rights, social contract

• Enlightenment supported equal rights, which led to rebellion

  • also promoted nationalism

  • abolition of slavery & serfdom

    • Civil War, Russian serfs

  • women’s rights

    • Mary Wollstonecraft, Seneca Falls

• Adam Smith wrote Wealth of Nations and argued for laissez-faire

• Deism– idea of existence of God but not interference

• Conservatives wanted to keep tradition & opposed enlightenment

5.2– Nationalism & Revolution

• American Revolution was fueled by enlightenment

  • Declaration of Independence was filled with enlightenment ideas

• French Revolution

  • Estates-general (clergy, nobility & commoners) didn’t properly represent the commoners

  • National Assembly was formed, stormed Bastille, rebellions led to more power in National Assembly

  • Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen limited monarchical power; led to Reign of Terror

• Haitian Revolution

  • slave population took over from their owners

  • Toussaint L’ouverture led the rebellion

• New Zealand War

  • Maori (natives) were oppressed by British & tried to fight back but failed

• Latin America

  • creoles wanted to keep their profit & have more power

  • Simon Bolivar created Gran Columbia with enlightenment ideas

• Nationalism led to unification

  • Italian Count Cavor wanted to join Italy and rule it

  • Otto von Bismarck founded the German empire

5.3– Industrial Revolution

• making goods with machines to make labor more efficient

• England began the Industrial Revolution

  • proximity to water (easy trade)

  • raw materials (coal & iron)

  • agricultural productivity (crop rotation, seed drill)

  • urbanization (population increased, but less labor needed on farms)

  • protection of private property (entrepreneurs could do more)

  • access to foreign resources (raw materials in colonies)

  • accumulation of capital (African slave trade, investing in new opportunities)

  • factory system (can produce goods on mass scale)

• water frame + spinning jenny = faster production of textiles

• Eli Whitney created interchangeable parts

5.4– Industrial Revolution Spreads

• spread from England, through Europe, & to U.S./Russia/Japan

• United States

  • European immigrants provided cheap labor (many Americans disliked immigrants)

• Russia

  • building railroads led to increased trade— Trans-Siberian Railroad across Russia

  • steel industry grew

• Japan

  • industrialized to protect their culture & keep away Western countries

5.5– Technology in Industrial Age

• First Industrial Revolution— mid-1700s to mid-1800s

  • James Watt burned coal to power steam engines

  • factories could only be built near water, but steam engines could be built anywhere

  • steamships didn’t need the wind (increased trade)

  • locomotives could carry huge amounts of goods & people

    • Trans-Siberian & Trans-Continental Railroads

• Second Industrial Revolution— late 1800s to early 1900s

  • steel was stronger & Bessemer Process could easily refine steel

  • oil wells for gas were drilled everywhere

    • kerosene was used for lamps & gasoline was used for internal combustion

  • harnessed electricity improved communications

    • telegraph & telephone

• Effects

  • increased trade (easier transportation)

  • new ways of migration (easier travel & communication with home)

5.6– Government in Industrial Revolution

• Ottoman Empire— “sick man of Europe”

  • surrounded by colonizers, non-industrial state, & weak leaders

  • Egyptian Muhammad Ali led the country into industrialization

• Japan tried to isolate

  • United States tried to force Japan to open up to trade

  • Meiji Restoration— protected culture while industrializing

    • built roads, abolished feudalism, established constitutional monarchy

    • increased taxes

5.7– Economic Developments

• Laissez-faire capitalism was favored over mercantilism

  • no limit to wealth, supply & demand, minimal government intervention

• Corporations were like joint-stock companies but with limited liability (debts were limited)

  • Multinational corporations

    • Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Co. used for trade after Opium Wars (British influence)

    • Unilever Corporation— Dutch & British produced household items through factories across nations

• Consumer culture in middle class, better living conditions, advertising industry

• Leisure culture— pubs, bikes, cock fighting, spectator sports

5.8– Reactions to Industrial Economy

• Factory work had terrible conditions/wages

  • tenements were cramped living spaces

• Labor unions— workers combined to gain freedom

  • gained 5 day work week, limits on hours, & minimum wage

  • bargained for franchise— right to vote

• Child labor led to health issues

  • passed laws against child labor & for education

• John Stuart Mill created utilitarianism

  • thought free market was selfish; actions should be carried out for benefit of whole, not individual

• Karl Marx

  • bourgeoisie = upper class; proletariat = working class

  • capitalism harmed working class for success

  • Communist Manifest— workers should own means of production & share wealth equally

  • communism has no classes

• Ottomans

  • Sultan Mahmoud II industrialized (abolished feudalism, built roads, established postal service)

    • Tanzimat reforms— equal law, remove corruption, secular schools

  • Sultan Abdul Hamid exiled the Young Turks (they wanted constitutional government) & killed the Armenians (wanted reform)

• Qing Dynasty needed to modernize for stronger economy

  • Self-Strengthening Movement to preserve their culture while industrializing

  • lost the Sino-Japanese & began the 100 Days of Reform

    • abolished civil service exam & created industrial/commercial systems

  • conservative powers didn’t want to lose tradition

  • allowed Western powers to trade exclusively in exchange for help with industrialization

5.9– Society in Industrial Age

• Cities changed

  • migrants increased populations drastically; led to bad living situations (tenements)

    • spread of disease (cholera)

  • middle class had better living standards —> white collar workers

• Family structure changed

  • families used to work together on farms, now they went to their own jobs & spent less time together

    • fractured families

  • working women were in factories, but middle class women stayed home

  • Cult of Domesticity— women’s job is important (raising children & making things comfortable for the husband)

  • Seneca Falls Convention & other women’s rights movements

• Environmental effects

  • fossil fuels created smog —> respiratory issues

  • waste polluted water supply

  • spread of diseases

Unit 6

6.1– Rationales for Imperialism

• Culture

  • Europeans believed they had a superior culture and were required to spread it

    • “white man’s burden”

  • Darwinism— survival of the fittest

    • Social Darwinism— believed strong empires should take over the weak

  • Christianity wanted to convert everyone

    • missionaries established schools, hospitals, & abolished slave trade

• Nationalism— a group of similar people are loyal to one state

  • Britain wanted to expand after losing America; India was crucial to them

  • France was in North/South Africa & Indochina

  • Japan wanted to expand into Korea

    • Sino-Japanese War —> Chinese lost

• Economics

  • industrial economies needed raw materials & new markets

  • established trading posts & were allowed to defend them

    • powerful European armies took territory near their trading posts

6.2– State Expansion

• Imperialism— a country extends its power/influence into other lands by diplomacy or force

• Africa

  • European expansion was restricted in 1800s, but they wanted more land

  • British wanted a short route to Asia —> built Suez Canal in Egypt —> took the land from the Ottomans

  • Britain had agreements with African leaders, but decided to take over

  • France in West Africa established settler colony in Algeria

  • Scramble for Africa— everyone wanted land, Berlin Conference split up Africa

    • split up African groups & united rival groups

  • Belgian King controlled the Congo & was very brutal

• Asia

  • British conquered India with their own troops & Indian troops called sepoys

  • economic imperialism in China

    • Chinese instability from natural disaster & internal conflict

    • Europe demanded trade with China —> spheres of influence

  • Japan became a colonizer

    • Meiji Restoration improved their military

    • Korea, Southeast Asia, China

  • Dutch tried to colonize Southeast Asia

  • Australia was a penal colony, New Zealand was a settler colony

    • Australia had lots of resources

    • New Zealand War with Maori

• America

  • Indian Removal Act —> Trail of Tears

  • Manifest Destiny— it was their right to take the land

  • Spanish-American War won the U.S. the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, & Cuba

• Russia expanded, even into China

6.3– Indigenous Responses to State Expansion

• natives had nationalism

• Americas

  • Americans continued to expand —> Cherokee tried to assimilate —> gold was found and led to Indian Removal Act

    • Ghost Dance— wanted to get rid of the white men

  • Peru— Tupac Amaru revolted against Spain

  • Mexico— Benito Juarez dislike French —> the government joined the French to kick him out —> French were kicked out

• Australian settlers were told to treat the natives well, but they pushed into their lands anyway

• Africa

  • South African Xhosa people revolted against colonial governments run by Europeans —> Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement to drive out spirits

  • West Africa

    • Sokoto Caliphate fell

    • resistance to French— Samory Toure’s War

  • East Africa

    • Sudan resisted & beat the British— Mahdist Revolt

• Balkans fought against the Ottomans & established new states

6.4– Global Economic Development

• needed raw materials & food

• Agriculture

  • cash crop farming promoted in Africa for exportation

  • increased demand for meat, new refrigeration technology

  • demand for fertilizer— guano

• Raw materials

  • cotton— British cotton source shifted from America to Eygpt & India

  • rubber— used in everything, found in Amazon rainforest, natives used for labor

  • palm oil— West African oil was a lubricant

  • diamonds— Cecil Rhodes gained power through diamond trade in South Africa

• increasingly interconnected global economy (manufactured goods & food)

• weakening of colonial economy (cash crops harmed economy)

6.5– Economic Imperialism

• when one country has significant economic power over another

• Asia

  • India— British East India Co.

    • needed cotton exports

  • China— luxury goods

    • British wanted Chinese goods, but Chinese didn’t want British goods

    • led to little amounts of European silver

    • smuggled opium grown in India to addict Chinese —> Opium Wars —> China lost & opened more trade

• Latin America

  • United States— Mexico, Cuba

    • Monroe Doctrine— U.S. controlled Western Hemisphere; Europeans were not allowed

    • invested in Latin America & gained trading partners

  • Britain invested in Argentina for trade

  • Spain— Chile had agriculture & copper

6.6– Causes of Migration

• Labor systems

  • cash crop plantations needed labor, but there was a growing abolitionist movement

  • indentured servants sent money home & sometimes stayed in the new country, which influenced the local culture

  • Chinese & Indian contract labor had very low wages & bad conditions

  • penal colonies had convicts work on projects

• Challenges

  • fled their home for better conditions, formed diaspora— a scattered population who originates from a different place

  • India, China, Ireland

    • Chinese worked on Trans-Continental Railroad

    • Irish fled famine & discrimination

• Settler Colonies

  • many technical experts migrated to industrialize the colonies

  • Japan went to Mexico & Hawaii/Western U.S.

6.7– Effects of Migration

• Home society

  • men left for work, so women had a bigger role

  • men either returned or brought their family later

• Receiving society

  • spread of cultures created ethnic enclaves

  • Chinese influenced foods

  • Indians brought caste system, shrines,

    • kangani— whole families worked in Southeast Asia

  • Irish enclaves

    • lived in tenements, faced religious discrimination

    • music, dance, St. Patrick’s Day, Catholicism

    • labor unions

  • Italian enclaves

    • language was incorporated into Argentina

• People didn’t like that jobs went to the immigrants

  • Chinese Exclusion Act & White Australia policy banned immigration

Other

Chinese Dynasties

Song Dynasty = Unit 1

Yuan Dynasty = Mongols

Ming Dynasty (reestablished China) 1350-1640

Qing/Manchu dynasty, 1640-1910-- not Chinese, but kept some Chinese institutions