apush period 2 notes

contextualizing period 2

• starting with jamestown, va (1607) → georgia (1733)

• 13 colonies run by english charters

• corporate colonies (ex. jamestown), royal colonies (VA >1624), proprietary colonies (MD, PA)

• rep. govty

• poli + religious conflicts, but also desire for independence

TL;DR: started in 1607, ended in 1733, 13 colonies by eng. charters, corp., royal, proprietary cols. w/ rep govt, desire for independence

early english settlements

• started colonizing in early 1600s

• rep. for large naval power (1588)

• ppl liked the idea of the americas

• tons of joint-stock companies to spread risk

• large number of english settlers

jamestown

• chartered by virginia company, founded by king james 1

• virginia company = joint-stock company (1607)

• 1st perm. eng. colony

early problems

• settlers screwed up a LOT in jamestown

• swampy area + james river = dysentry + malaria outbreaks

• many not used to actually working

• some ppl wanted gold

• traded w/ natives, but when conflict came, settlers were cooked

• starvation = big issue

• capt. john smith = leader

• john rolfe + pocahontas = leaders after capt. john smith, made tobacco

transition to royal colony

• pop. >6k, but only 2k alive

• super deep in debt, so king james took over

• 1st royal colony aka virginia

plymouth + massachusetts bay

• religious motivation = plymouth + massachusetts bay

• english protestants who didn’t support church of england

• church of england left pope, so not roman catholic

• however, church still kept a lot of catholic ways which dissenters didn’t like

• king james 1 saw dissenters as threat (1603-1625)

plymouth colony

• dissenters known as separatists

• wanted to organize separate church w/o royal control

• england → holland for religious freedom

• became known as pilgrims

• chose plymouth to go to, set sail in 1620

• sailed aboard the mayflower

• got to massachusetts instead, but js stayed there and went to plymouth

early hardships

• winter killed half of them

• friendly natives decided to help them post-winter

• first thanksgiving happened (1621)

• capt. miles standish + gov. william bradford = leaders

• fish, furs, lumber = big 3 economy

massachusetts bay colony

• moderate dissenters wanted CoE reform

• wanted to purify CoE, aka puritans

• charles 1 reign = persecution (1625)

• royal charter for massachusetts bay co. (1629)

• 1k puritans led by john winthrop → MA (1630)

• founded boston + towns

• civil war (1630s england) got 15k more to come, aka great migration

TL;DR: jamestown 1st perm. english colony where settlers screwed up a lot, became super deep in debt, became 1st royal colony aka virginia, plymouth colony founded by pilgrims in 1620 when they were helped by natives to get it together, puritans founded massachusetts bay colony w/ great migration in 1630s

early political institutions

• colonies wanted self-rule, started early on

rep. assembly in virginia

• virginia co. guaranteed colonists same rights as they had in england

• organized first rep. assembly, house of burguesses (1619)

rep. govt. in new england

• pilgrims made + signed mayflower compact (1620)

• self-govt + constitution

• freemen (male puritan church members) had the right to take part in yearly elections

limits to colonial democracy

• most colonists excluded from democracy

• male property owners included, landless + women excluded

• slaves + indentured servants had zero rights

• govts = unlimited powers

• democracy existed w/ antidemocracy

TL;DR: colonies wanted self-rule, virginia made first rep. assembly, the house of burguesses (1619), pilgrims made mayflower contract (1620), men had most power, anyone else was cooked, democracies existed w/ antidemocracies

cheseapeake colonies

• king charles 1 subdivided virginia colony (1632)

• chartered 2 new colonies on chesapeake bay, gave control of 1 to lord baltimore (george calvert)

• maryland became first proprietary colony

religious issues in maryland

• king wanted proprietors to do what he said to give him control over his colony

• died before he got everything he wanted done

• passed down to son cecil calvert, who completed his father’s wishes

act of toleration

• wealthy english catholics → maryland

• outnumbered by protestant farmers

• calvert wanted act of toleration adopted

• religious freedom for all christians BUT anyone who didn’t believe in divinity of jesus = dead

protestant revolt

• protestant resentment against catholic proprietor = civil war

• protestant W, act of toleration repealed

• catholics lost right to vote in maryland assembly elections

• maryland eco + society similar to virginia, but more religious tolerance + diversity

labor shortages

• landowners (maryland + virginia) saw opportunities

• got land by taking it or trading with natives

• europeans really wanted tobacco, but not enough laborers

• high death rate (disease), food shortages, indian resistance = slow pop. growth

indentured servants

• first attempt to get the workers they wanted

• young people work for room + board (british isles)

• under rule of masters until time was up, but got freedom after

• only a temporary fix, not really a permanent solution

headright system

• wanted to get immigrants w/ offers of land

• 50 acres to each immigrant who paid for themselves + plantation owners who paid for an immigrant

slavery

• dutch ship brought africans to the americas as indentured servants (1619)

• they were only indentured servants for a while, children were free

• colonists were too poor to pay for slaves anyway

• became slaves by the end of the 1660s as laws were enacted

economic problems

• low tobacco prices from overproduction = hard times for maryland + virginia

• tried to raise prices on tobacco, but london merchants raised prices on products → virginia

conflict in virginia

• sir william berkeley = royal gov. virginia (1641-1652, 1660-1677)

• used dictatorship to govern for large planters, pissed off smaller farmers bc he didn’t protect them from native attacks

bacon’s rebellion

• nathaniel bacon led rebellion against berkeley’s govt

• didn’t like political + economic control by large planters

• rebelled in 1676, was accused by berkeley of rebelling against govt

• bacon pulled off the W, but died of dysentery, then govt executed 23 rebels

lasting problems

• bacon’s rebellion highlighted huge class differences btwn wealthy + poor, colonizer resistance to royals controlling govt

• huge problems would last for a while before actually being resolved

TL;DR: virginia + maryland = chesapeake colonies, maryland became first proprietary colony, religious freedom for all christians in maryland, lots of issues w/ labor shortages, so attempted to use indentured servants, headright sys., slavery, but there were still economic problems + conflicts (bacon’s rebellion) that would last for a long time before actually getting things resolved

development of new england

• religious convictions = more struggle for settlers in massachusetts + plymouth bay colonies

• puritan leaders didn’t tolerate anyone who questioned their beliefs

• banished ppl who disagreed w/ them, banished created connecticut + rhode island

rhode island

• roger williams → boston (1631)

• had views that differed from puritan leaders + was banished

• fled to narragansett bay + founded providence (1636)

• unique bc it paid natives for use of land + allowed quakers, catholics, jewish ppl to worship freely

• anne hutchinson also banished, founded colony of portsmouth (1638), went to long island and killed in native uprising

• roger williams got charter (1644) that merged providence + portsmouth → rhode island

connecticut

• connecticut river valley attracted settlers unhappy w/ massachusetts leaders

• rev. thomas hooker led a ton of ppl to create colony of hartford (1636)

• ppl there created first constitution, orders of connecticut (1639)

• second settlement in connecticut valley named new haven (1637)

• new haven + hartford = connecticut (1665)

• royal charter gave limited self-government

new hampshire

• last colony to be founded in new england

• initially part of mass. bay, but seperated for more royal control over colonies

• made it a royal colony in 1679

halfway covenant

• full puritan = conversion required

• wanted influence, so halfway covenant was offered to become partial church member

• not everyone liked it, but some did, so it was a thing

• puritans were weak anyway so it just stayed a thing

new england confederation

• new england colonies constantly under attack (hello natives, dutch AND french!)

• not much from england, so mass. bay, plymouth, connecticut, + new haven formed military alliance aka new england confederation (1643)

• two reps. from each colony

• limited powers, lasted until 1684

king philip’s war

• king philip (metacom) got a ton of tribes together to fight the settlers

• settlers constantly stealing native land, war lasted for 2 years (1675-1676)

• colonial ppl W, ended most native resistance

TL;DR: puritan leaders banished ppl who questioned them, created more struggle, but also led to founding of providence, portsmouth (became rhode island), hartford, new haven (became connecticut), new hampshire became royal colony, all constantly under attack, led to founding of new england confederation until 1684, colonial W in king philip’s war led to end of native resistance (mostly)

restoration colonies

• new colonies founded in late 17th cen.

• founded during restoration period

the carolinas

• charles 2 gave 8 nobles a ton of land in btwn VA + south FL, became proprietors in 1663

• north + south carolina came to be in 1729, became royal colonies

south carolina

• founded by english colonists + planters from barbados (1670)

• economy based on fur trade + providing food for west indies

• eventually got rice-growing plantations + slaves to work those plantations (mid 18th-century)

• very similar economy + culture to west indies)

north carolina

• farmers from virginia + new england started up tobacco farms

• less large plantations bc transportation sucked and barely any good harbors

• didn’t really use (or need) slaves

• had very democratic views + autonomy from british control

new york

• charles 2 wanted to close the gap between new england + chesapeake colonies

• needed dutch to give up their new amsterdam colony

• gave duke of york land between CT + DE

• duke of york took new amsterdam away from the dutch and anmed his colony new york

• treated the dutch well, gave them religious freedom + allowed them to speak whatever language they wanted

• did whatever he wanted and didn’t allow a representative assembly

• taxation w/o rep pissed off english-speaking settlers

• allowed NY gov. to give civil + political rights + rep. assembly (1683)

new jersey

• james 2 (duke of york) split the land up (1664)

• gave the land beyond the hudson to lord john berkeley + sir george carteret

• split between west nj + east nj

• gave out really good land offers + religious freedom to attract ppl

• kind of hot potato w/ the land until NJ was formed + became a royal colony (1702)

pennsylvania + delaware

• pennsylvania owned by quakers

quakers

• members of religious society of friends, aka quakers

• equality of all men + women, nonviolence, don’t serve in military

• religious authority within soul, nowhere else

• challenge to religious authorities

• persecuted + jailed for beliefs

william penn

• convert to quaker

• father served king as admiral

• dad made him rich + royal family gave him land, made that land colony of pennsylvania

the holy experiment

• wanted colony to be refuge for quakers + ppl who were persecuted

• wanted to have liberal ideas in gvmt + money for himself

• gave colony frame of gvmt (1682-1683), guaranteed rep. assembly, written constitution (charter of liberties - 1701), freedom of worship, unrestricted immigration

• helped supervise founding of philly

• penn’s treatment of natives viewed as unusual

• promised political + religious freedom w/ lots of land

• dutch + swedish colonists helped ppl arriving to PA

delaware

• gave 3 lower counties of PA separate assembly, became delaware (1702)

georgia: the last colony

• georgia = 13th colony chartered

• last of british colonies, only one to get direct support from gvmt in london

• britain wanted defense against spanish + ppl being imprisoned for debt

• shipped debtors over to georgia to get crowds out of jails

special regulations

• royal charter for proprietary colony (how does that work??)

• philanthropists led by george oglethorpe founded savannah, georgia (1733)

• oglethorpe = first governor, had very elaborate plans to ensure georgia thrived

• no slavery and no drinking rum allowed

• constant threat of spanish attacking, so didn’t actually prosper

royal colony

• oglethorpe + group gave up on their plan (1752)

• georgia became royal colony after being taken over by british govt

• rum + slavery allowed after british govt took over

• grew slowly by using plantations like south carolina

• georgia = smallest + poorest out of all the colonies

TL;DR: plantations used in georgia + south carolina for economical gain, NC, SC, GA royal colonies, NY created to bridge gap btwn new england + chesapeake colonies, NJ created bc NY was way too big, PA + DE religious haven for quakers

mercantilism and the empire

• european kingdoms used mercantilism (trade + colonies + wealth = basis for military + political strength)

• government should regulate trade + production so it can do fine on its own

• colonies provide materials to countries to grow + profit that country’s industries

• colonies exist to help countries

• helped both spanish + french colonies from the start

• started to be applied to english colonies after civil war (their civil war) was over

acts of trade + navigation

• made navigation acts (1650-1673) to govern colonial trade

• 1. trade to + from colonies done only by english or colonial ships, only operated by english or colonial crews

• 2. all goods imported to colonies had to pass through ports in england

• 3. enumerated goods from colonies could only be exported to england

impact on the colonies

• new england shipbuilding really prospered

• chesapeake tobacco = monopoly

• english military forces protect colonies

• severely hurt colonial developing

• chesapeake farmers forced to accept low prices for crops

• colonists paid high prices for manufactured english goods

• mercantilism was rlly unnecessary

• economic advantages hurt by colonial political relations

• colonials didn’t like these acts and smuggled in goods from other countries

enforcement of the acts

• didn’t really enforce the acts

• agents were super corrupt

• revoked massachusetts bay charter bc smuggling

dominion of new england

• james 2 got the throne (1685)

• wanted more royal control over colonies

• all the new england colonies combined into the dominion of new england (1686)

• sir edmund andros served as gov., levied taxes, limited town meetings, revoked land titles, made himself look really bad

• james 2 didn’t have power for long, was rebelled against

• glorious revolution of 1688 got rid of james, replaced him with william and mary

• dominion of new england ended, colonies went back to being colonies

permanent restrictions

• mercantilist policies still stuck around

• more english officials in colonies, but still poor enforcement

• widely resented + resisted

TL;DR: european countries used mercantilism, put it on the colonies, temporarily benefitted colonies until political relations came in, not really enforced anyway w/ super corrupt agents, james 2 came to power, created dominion of new england, overthrown + replaced w/ william + mary, but mercantilist policies stayed

the institution of slavery

• slavery = more important than mercantilism in early 18th cen.

• half of VA pop. + 2/3 of SC pop. enslaved (1750)

increased demand for slaves

• 3 main factors as to why slavery increased

• 1. reduced migration - wage increases in england meant less supply of immigrants for colonies

• 2. workforce being dependable - large plantation owners didn’t like small farmer demands + indentured servants, or bacon’s rebellion, but slavery was a stable labor force completely controlled by them

• 3. cheap labor - rice + indigo became most profitable crops, so lots of land + cheap labor required

slave laws

• number of slaves increasing = white colonists creating laws to ensure bondage for life + inheritance of slave status

• massachusetts was first colony to acknowledge enslavement of captives (“lawful”) (1641)

• virginia established laws that ensured that children would get mom’s enslaved status permanently (1661)

• maryland decided baptism didn’t matter for enslaved ppl, white women can’t marry african american men, slavery + racism normalized (1664)

triangular trade

• english trade for slaves became monopolized by royal african company (RAC)

• post-monopoly, merchants entered slave trade

• triangular trade: NE port (rum) → atl. ocean → west africa, rum traded for captive africans

• part 2 tt: west africa → middle passage, survivors traded as slaves in west indies for sugarcane

• part 3 tt: ship returns to NE port, sugar sold for making rum

• merchants usually made huge profit if slade trade succeeded

TL;DR: slavery is more important than mercantilism (early 18th cen.), large populations of slaves = laws to ensure perm. bondage. reduced migration + dependable workforce + cheap labor = increase in slavery. virginia + maryland normalizing racism + slavery w/ various laws, NE using triangular trade to make a ton of profit off slave trade