Amsco AP World 6.6-6.7

Key term/event

Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)

Indentured servants

People who work for an agreed amount of time before they are free. People became indentured servants to pay for their passage from a poor area to a place that had more opportunities. Other people may be forced to be an indentured servant if they had to pay off debt. Some stayed temporarily for money for their family home, but some stayed in a new country. Indentured servants spread their cultures from home to new areas and changed demographics of people.

Devil’s Island

Part of a penal colony of France that is especially known for their terrible treatments of convicts. This island held prisoners until 1953, even though French transportation of convicts ended in 1938.

Emigrate/Immigrate

Emigrate = leave a country (think exit); immigrate = go to a country (think go into)

Ex. Joey emigrated from Australia due to his fear of kangaroos. Since Canada had no kangaroos, he immigrated there.

People emigrated in diasporas→African slave trade

Great Famine

When crop potatoes were destroyed in 1845-1849, destroyed potato crops during these years, 3 million people left Ireland during this time.

Colonial Service 

British governing service in the colonies

Colonization Society 

A society established in Japan who aimed to export the surplus population of Japan and commercial goods. They tried attempting to start an ag settler colony in Mexico but failed, however they still sent 790 Japanese people to Peru in 1899 to work on contract

Remittances

Funds that were usually set by male migrants for their families that were from their foreign earnings sent back to their families. If a remittance was large enough, the women would not have to work as long and spend more time with their family and do leisure activities.

Ethnic Enclaves

A place, clusters or whole neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country that formed in many major cities in the world. In these areas, people spoke their home language, ate familiar foods, and had a way of life that was like their home country, and influenced other homes with their culture as well.

Mohandas Gandhi 

A young Indian that went to South Africa where he wanted to practice law, but suffered from racial discrimination and so he became an activist. He created the Natal Indian Congress and he continued to work to show the world the discrimination against Indians living in South Africa. When he went back to India, he became a leader in the Indian Nationalist movement that was against British rule.

Kangani system 

A system of indentured servitude where whole families were called to work on something like tea, coffee, and rubber plantations. Under this system people had more freedom than other indentured servants, and were able to stay together as a family.

Argentine Constitution

This constitution encouraged European Immigration and guaranteed that foreigners would have the same civil rights as Argentine citizens. With this new law, many Europeans moved to Argentina, Italians especially, so they had a large impact on Argentine culture and language.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Banned Chinese immigration into the US in 1882, that was first set for 10 years, but then continued to extend, made permanent in 1902, repealed in 1943 when found discriminatory in the US.

White Australia Policy

A policy that tried to limit immigration into Australia to only British people to keep a “white Australia”

Objective

Key Developments

Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900. 

Explain how various economic factors did the same thing. 

General

1. A connected world has led to increased immigration - summarize the general reasons why. There was more transportation, people moving to urban centers, some people were forced though like slavery, indentured servitude, and convict labor.

Factors Leading to Migration: Migration through Labor Systems

1. The desire for low-wage labor was high due to the need for exploited natural resources. European states, therefore, recruited new laborers to work on plantations such as:

• Indian laborers migrated to British Colonies in the Caribbean, South Africa, East Africa, and Fiji.

• Chinese laborers migrated to California and British Malaya to build railroads and serve as farmhands, gardeners, and domestics.

• Japanese laborers migrated to Hawaii, Peru, and Cuba to work on sugar plantations.

2. Why was the system of slavery declining? How were the US, Brazil, Africa, and Cuba different? Slavery was declining because a majority of the countries in the Americas ended African Slave trade. The US, Brazil, Africa, and Cuba were different because they were the last countries to end slavery.

3. Due to the decline of the slave trade, imperial countries turned to other forms of coerced labor, such as:

• Indentured servitude: people working for a set number of years before becoming free.

  • People usually became indentured for what two reasons? People were usually indentured to pay for transportation from a poorer community to one with more opportunity, and other people were forced to become indentured to pay off debt.

  • How did indentured servitude impact new lands (give examples). Home cultures from the indentured servants who moved to different lands spread their culture and changed the demographics of people there. The cultures of Mauritius (Indian Ocean off SE Africa) and Trinidad (Caribbean) added strong Indian influence.

• Asian contract laborers: Chinese and Indian workers used as a substitute for slavery; oftentimes were tricked into servitude.

  • List examples of places they were sent. They were sent to British, French, Dutch, and Spanish colonies located in SE Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean, 500,000 Chinese workers to Cuba

  • What were the lives of these workers like specifically (give examples) - what changed it? The workers' lives were difficult as they were also treated unjustly. These people were not skilled porters or laborers who were exploited in place of slave labor, they worked for very low wages. The way these people were treated were publicized, and the public criticized this system as a different type of slavery, so in 1855, Britain stopped this trade, 1862 Congress banned Asian contracted labor trade in the US, in 1874, Portugal also ended it from pressure internationally. Treaty between the Chinese and Spanish in 1877 ended contracts of Chinese workers in Cuba.

• Penal Colonies: where convicts were shipped from England, Scotland, Ireland, and British colonies to perform hard labor and suffer harsh treatment.

  • What were most of their jobs like (what did they do)? The laborers worked for free settlers, worked to record records for the government, or work in government projects (building roads and railroads.

  • Why did most of the convicts stay in Australia? Convicts tended to stay in Australia because transportation to go back home to Britain or wherever was expensive.

  • Australia began attracting free settlers - why and from where? Australia started attracting free settlers when gold was found in 1851, 50k Chinese came during the gold rush.

• French Penal Colonies: specific to the French in Africa, New Caledonia, and French Guiana; where convicts and political prisoners were sent. 

  • What was Devil’s Island and what does it show about the conditions of penal colonies? An island that was especially known for the way that they treated convicts harshly, it tells that the prisoners that lived in the penal colonies were treated terribly, almost like slaves. The prisoners were underfed and had to perform difficult labor.

Factors Leading to Migration: Migration in the Face of Challenges

1. What is diaspora and what caused it during the 16th-19th centuries? Diaspora is where there is a mass emigration(s) from a country or area that happens over a time period of several years. The Slave trade caused a diaspora of millions of African people forced. Other diasporas usually happened because of poverty, political conditions, or famine.

2. India 

• Poverty was the major reason behind Indian migration. 

• Most of them entered into indentured servitude - where were they sent by the British and for what work? They were sent to Mauritius to replace the enslaved workers on the sugar plantations, they worked on plantations in GUyana, Suriname, South Africa, Fiji, and British and French islands in the Caribbean. Most of the Indian laborers had signed contracts for five years. Lots also renewed their contracts and stayed, so instead of their passage back to India paid for, they were given some land or sum of money.

• What was the difference between the kangani and maistry systems? KANGANI is a system where there is a foreman that was recruited from an extended family, a system used in Ceylon and Malaya. MAISTRY is  a system used in Burma, supervisor system, recruited laborers in a structured system with hierarchies and sent the laborers to plantations in SE Asia, exploitative systems.

3. China

• When did the majority of the Chinese diaspora take place - why? The Chinese diaspora mainly took place in California, South Australia, and west Canada for gold rushes.

• What jobs did most Chinese migrants typically have (what were they building)? Most Chinese migrants were not involved in mining, but developed the US Transcontinental railroad.

• What conditions led to Chinese migration and why? Some Chinese immigrants paid for their own passage, but others were indentured servants. Most of these emigrants were males who planned on returning after being abroad.

• What events led to Chinese migration and why? Escape from famine and poverty, some left for more opportunities. There were also more trade contacts in coastal cities so there was also Chinese movement to SE Asia.

4. Ireland

• What were the political reasons leading to Irish migration? The British ended the Irish Parliament so many Italians left. Roman Catholics and Protestant dissenters were faced with religious discrimination from British rulers

• What were the environmental reasons leading to Irish migration? Other Irish left because of the Great Famine.

• Why did emigration continue even after the famine? Irish people continued leaving to help the British and US build canals and railroads.

5. Italy

• Summarize the reasons for Italian emigration. People emigrated from Italy when they were unified, they mainly left because of poverty, land being subdivided over generations, and farmers having difficulty making a living because of harsh conditions (land subdivisions).

Factors Leading to Migration: Migration to Settler Colonies

1. What is a settler colony - what were members of the colonial service? A settler colony is a colony that is set up for people from the state colonizing to live permanently elsewhere. Members of the colonial service were government officials in the colonies.

2. Explain who technical experts were and why they are considered a diaspora. Technical experts are engineers and geologists that moved to S Asia and Africa. This is considered a diaspora because so many British engineers were present in the colonies.

3. Why was Argentina called the “Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire? Who settled there and why? Argentina was called the Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire because the British invested in them more than India. British who settled in Argentina were businessmen, traders, bankers, and engineers who moved there to make a new life, not because of poverty. The British there developed banks, export trade in ag products, railroads, infrastructure, and imported luxuries that appealed to the Argentine middle class.

4. What was the goal of Japan’s Colonization Society? Describe how well it did or did not fulfill this goal. Japan’s colonization society wanted to export the surplus population of Japan and commercial goods. They were unable to start an ag settler colony in Mexico, but they sent 790 Japanese to Peru to work on a contract.

Factors Leading to Migration: Migration, Transportation, and Urbanization

1. How did improvements in transportation technology impact migration? Give a specific example. Improvements in transportation tech allowed for people to go between where they migrated to their home. For example, there were agreements between the Japanese and Hawaiian governments that allowed Japanese laborers to work in sugar plantations in Hawaii for 3 years.

Objective

Key Developments

Explain how and why new patterns of migration affected society from 1750 to 1900.

General

1. True or False: migration in the 19th century led to demographic changes with long-lasting results: True. 

• Evidence: There were more people moving to different places and leaving others, causing changes in demographics, for example, there were also more males moving abroad or to other states for work.

Changes in Home Societies

1. Migrant laborers tended to be more male than female.

• How did this impact society at home? Women would end up taking the men’s roles back home, women and men had the same role. Men would wait until there was another male in the family to take care of the women and children who did not emigrate.

• How did this typically impact gender roles? Women ended up with the same roles as men in society, women were able to gain more autonomy and authority outside of family responsibilities with their husbands gone. If women and children emigrated to the husband, the wife would still have more of a role out of the domestic life. However, in places where there was another male relative taking care of the women and children, gender roles stayed the same.

•  What were remittances - how did this impact social norms? Remittances were funds from foreign earnings made by the man of the family that was sent back home to the women. This impacted social norms as if the remittance was larger, the women wouldn’t have to work as much out of the home and spend more time with family and have leisure time as well.

Effects of Migration on Receiving Societies

1. What were ‘ethnic enclaves’ and why did immigrants create them? Ethnic enclaves were places where people that came from the same country formed neighborhoods or clusters in major cities in the world after immigrating. Immigrants did this because they wanted a new start economically but wanted to carry their own traditions and cultures.

2. Chinese Enclaves

• Summarize the impact of the Chinese migration to Southeast Asia. Chinese migration to SE Asia were able to thrive, in Indochina the French encouraged them to get involved with commerce. The Chinese managed opium farms and controlled opium distributions in Malaya for the British. There were some Chinese who held posts with the colonial government in the Dutch East Indies. As time passed, the Chinese in SE Asia became business owners and traders, they often founded family businesses. Wealth was attained by some Chinese by being money lenders or through international trade. By the late 1800s, the Chinese controlled trade in SE Asia and had a powerful presence.

• Summarize the impact of Chinese migration to the Americas. The Gold Rush was what pulled Chinese immigrants to the US, many of them worked in mines, others in farms of the garment industry of SF. Chinese laborers were very important in building the first transcontinental railroad. 225,000 Chinese laborers were sent to Cuba and Peru from 1847 to 1874 on 8 year long contracts. They were majority male and most were sent to work on sugar plantations with enslaved Africans in Cuba, and replaced the enslaved workers in Peru as slavery had ended there. There were Chinese in Cuba who worked as servants, in cigarette factories and public works projects. The 1000s of contract laborers in Peru assisted in the building of the Andean railroad and worked in guano mines. Settlements were built by the Chinese in the Peruvian Amazon where they were merchants, grew rice, beans, sugars, and a variety of other crops. The Chinese would sometimes marry locals and added to the diverse population.

3. Indian Enclaves

• Summarize the impact of Indian migration to Africa. Indians moved to Mauritius, which were islands located off of the SE coast of Africa and Natal (part of present day S Africa), who worked as indentured servants on sugar plantations there. There were about 30,000 indentured Indian servants that went to Kenya to help with railroad construction, only 7,000 stayed. Hindus that moved from India to S Africa brought their caste system and social laws but quickly left the caste system, Hindu traditions were kept and had altars in honor of deities. Muslims and Hindus in S Africa were split by class, language, and religion, but Indians alike all were faced with discrimination.

• Who was Mohandas Gandhi and how did his experience in Africa impact his work? He was an Indian who went to S Africa with intentions of practicing law, but faced with discrimination, he became an activist who started the Natal Indian Congress who progressed to exemplify the discrimination against Indians in S Africa.

• Summarize the impact of Indian migration to Southeast Asia. Indians who immigrated to SE asia were an important source of labor for the British SE Asian colonies in Ceylon, Burma, and Malaya. Most Indians came as indentured servants, but this system was replaced by the Kagani system where whole families worked together. Indians that immigrated there worked on tea, coffee, and rubber plantations in the three locations.

• Summarize the impact of Indian migration to the Caribbean region. In the Caribbean region, Indians were sent to work on sugar plantations here and around the Caribbean, presently, they make up the largest ethnic group in Trinidad and Tabago and Guyana, and other places they also dominate the demographics. Indians made up a large portion of the population in Caribbean nations, they blended with migrants from other countries ethnically and created a unique culture, changed national cuisines, fim, and music. Indian holidays are celebrated in the area.

4. Irish Enclaves

• Who usually came to North America from Ireland before the American Revolution - what was their role? Most of the Irish that came before the American Revolution were Protestant descendants of Scots who had migrated to Ireland previously, came as indentured servants, if they paid for themselves they went more west to the frontier. Their roles depended on whether they were indentured or not.

• After the American Revolution who came from Ireland - where did they live? After the American Revolution, Irish immigrants came to the US, and lived in northern cities, some to Canada (to get cheap land).

• Most of the Irish immigrants during the Great Famine came to North America - what were their experiences like? Most who went to cities worked in Factories, Irish immigrants had less money than previous settlers, and catholics faced anti-Catholic sentiments. They helped build the canal system. Lots of the immigrants were single women who went to the US in search of work and husbands, the majority of them became domestic servants. Men who came were unskilled laborers.

• How did the Irish spread their culture - how did second generation Irish make an impact on popular culture? The Irish spread their culture through their lively dance music and holiday traditions like St. Patrick’s Day. They promoted labor unions and Catholicism being spread as well. The second gen of Irish became stars of pop culture like being boxers, baseball players, and vaudeville performers, and following generations became wealthy and powerful.

5. Italians in Argentina

• Why did so many immigrants want to go to Argentina? Many immigrants wanted to go to Argentina for the equal civil rights promised.

• How was Italy influential in Argentinian culture? They influenced language, culture, for example, many Argentine Spanish words have Italian words in it as well.

• How did Argentina appeal to Italian immigrants specifically? What was the overall impact? Argentina had lots of fertile land, and many Italian became farmers, artisans, and day laborers. People were paid more in Argentina than italy as well. The cost of living was also lower in argentina, and so these factors allowed for people to live in higher standards.

Prejudice and Regulation of Immigration

1. Describe how the California constitution of 1879 discriminated against the Chinese. The California Constitution of 1879 discriminated against the Chinese by not allowing state, counties, municipalities, and public works from hiring Chinese workers, didn’t allow people who weren’t white to become citizens, and encouraged communities like cities to remove Chinese residents or segregate them.

2. Congress further banned Chinese immigration by passage of The Chinese Exclusion act. How does this showcase discrimination in the US? It shows how they made it extremely difficult for Chinese immigrants to live peacefully in the US, and difficult livelihood too. It didn’t allow for Chinese immigrants to enter into the US for a long time.

3. How did the act impact immigration in Mexico? Mexico encouraged immigration into their country, and the Chinese were able to work as truck farmers, shopkeepers, and manufacturers and not as laborers in mines or railroads.

4. Why did the province of Victoria pass a Chinese Exclusion Act in Australia in 1855? Why did they want to limit the Chinese? This act was passed because the Chinese population grew to 50,000 in Australia. They wanted to limit the Chinese just to limit their population.

5. What happened in New South Wales? How did the legislative council respond? In south wales, white miners in gold fields of New South Wales attacked the general area of where Chinese miners lived and killed and injured several. The council responded by passing the Chinese immigration Regulation and Restriction act as an attempt to control the number of Chinese immigrants coming into the colony, later repealed and passed a different act, the Influx of chinese restriction act which again tried limiting Chinese immigration by imposing an entrance tax.

6. After the gold rushes, how did the Chinese in Australia make economic profit? The Chinese in Australia made an economic profit by pursuing gardening, trade, making furniture, fishing, and pearl diving. Chinatowns were developed in cities across Australia and had large economic contributions in N Territory and N Queensland regions.

7. Why did anti-Chinese groups form in Australia? How did this lead to the White Australia Policy? Anti-Chinese groups formed in Australia because Chinese would work for less than white Australians. This lead to the White Australia policy that tried limiting non British immigration to keep a “white Australia”