psyc 213 ch 6 long-term memory

long-term memory

archive of info about past events + learned knowledge, works closely with working memory, stretches back years

serial position curve

created by comparing position of remembered words to percentage remembered

primacy effect

words at beginning of list remembered better than middle

recency effect

words at end of a list remembered better than middle

coding

how stimuli are represented in memory, eg visual or auditory

semantic encoding

encoding meaning into memory of stimuli

wickens and coworkers 1976

presented group of words belonging to a category, had pts recall them after delay, repeated with new words from same category, then suddenly had them recall list of fruit, performance increased when recalling fruit because it was a different category

proactive interference

learning new info interferes with recalling old memories

recognition memory

ability to identify a stimulus you’ve seen before

removing hippocampus

retain STM, but can’t transfer to LTM or form new LTMs

parietal lobe damage

impaired digit span in STM, LTM still functional and can hold + form new memories

episodic memory

remembering events how they happened, personal experience

KC hippocampus damage

no episodic memory, but semantic memory intact, can remember facts about self (eg i play golf) but the specific events around the fact

LP hippocampus damage

impaired semantic memory, but episodic memory intact

episodic and semantic interactions

acquiring knowledge can start as episodic then become semantic, semantic enhanced if paired with episodic

autobiographical memories

your own specific experience, both semantic and episodic

personal semantic memory

semantic memories that are significant to self

forgetting

increases with longer intervals after encoding, but not all or nothing, can still vaguely recall or be familiar with info

remember/know procedure

episodic details of very old memories are lost, turned into semantics

prospective memory

remembering + completing pre-planned actions

constructive episodic simulation hypothesis

episodic memories can be cut and pasted to simulate future events, helps with anticipating future behaviours, similar to mind wandering

explicit memory

consciously experienced memory, episodic and semantic

implicit memory

unconscious learning from experience without conscious memory. procedural, priming, conditioning

procedural memories

remembering how to do things, not when or where learned, not conscious process and can be formed without LTM

priming

experiencing one stimulus changes response to another

conditioning

remembering associations between stimuli + cause/effect relationships

repetition priming

test stimulus is similar/same as priming stimulus, can identify it better even without remembering original stimulus

graf et al 1985

had amnesia and control patients recall words, amnesia did poorly, then had them just complete words, did as well as controls

propaganda effect

more likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true, implicit because unconscious process

retrograde amnesia

can’t recall old LTMs

anterograde amnesia

can’t form new LTMs

declarative memory

conscious recall of facts, events, info