Grade 10 MaST Science Chemistry Unit Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering forming compounds, ionic and covalent nomenclature, the law of conservation of mass, reaction types, and acids and bases.

Cations

Positively charged ions formed when atoms in groups 1, 2, and 3 (13) lose electrons to become stable.

Anions

Negatively charged ions formed when atoms in groups 15, 16, and 17 gain electrons to become stable.

Ionic Bonds

Chemical bonds formed between a metal (cation) and a nonmetal (anion).

Binary Ionic Compound Naming

The naming convention where the metal cation name is written first, followed by the nonmetal anion with its ending changed to "ide" (e.g., sodium chloride).

Multivalent Ionic Compounds

Compounds containing metals that can form multiple charges, requiring Roman numerals in brackets in their names to specify the metal's charge (e.g., tin (II) sulfide).

Polyatomic Ionic Compounds

Compounds formed with polyatomic ions that are kept in brackets together as a family when crossing over charges to write formulas (e.g., $Ca_3(PO_4)_2$).

Covalent/Molecular Bonds

Chemical bonds formed between two nonmetals.

Covalent Prefixes

Prefixes added to element names indicating the number of atoms present: mono- ($1$), di- ($2$), tri- ($3$), tetra- ($4$), penta- ($5$), hexa- ($6$), hepta- ($7$), and octa- ($8$).

Diatomic Molecules

Gases composed of two bonded atoms of the same element: $H_2$, $O_2$, $Br_2$, $I_2$, and $F_2$.

Law of Conservation of Mass

A fundamental law stating that matter is not created or destroyed, meaning the same number of atoms must exist on the left side of a chemical equation as on the right side.

Synthesis Reaction

A type of chemical reaction where two or more reactants combine to form a single product, following the form $A + B \rightarrow AB$.

Decomposition Reaction

A type of chemical reaction where a single compound breaks down into two or more products, following the form $AB \rightarrow A + B$.

Single Displacement Reaction

A type of chemical reaction where one element replaces another in a compound, following the form $A + BC \rightarrow AC + B$.

Double Displacement Reaction

A type of chemical reaction where elements in two compounds exchange places, following the form $AC + BD \rightarrow AD + BC$.

Combustion Reaction

A chemical reaction following the word equation: $\text{carbon} + \text{oxygen} \rightarrow \text{carbon dioxide} + \text{water}$.

pH Scale

A scale ranging from $0$ to $14$ that measures how acidic or basic a substance is, with $7$ being neutral.

Binary Acids

Acids that contain no oxygen and are named with an "-ic acid" ending, such as $HCl$ (hydrochloric acid).

Oxoacids

Acids composed of polyatomic ions containing oxygen, such as $H_2SO_4$ (sulfuric acid).

Bases

Compounds formed by combining a metal cation with a hydroxide anion, named as metal + hydroxide (e.g., $NaOH$, sodium hydroxide).

Neutralization Reaction

A reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water ($\text{acid} + \text{base} \rightarrow \text{salt} + \text{water}$, such as $HCl + NaOH \rightarrow NaCl + H_2O$).