anatomy exam 2

elevation

upward movement of body part

depression

downward movement of body part

flexion

decreases angle between body parts, bringing them closer

extension

increasing the angle between body parts, moving them farther apart

abduction

movement of body part away from the midline

adduction

movement of body part towards the midline

circumduction

movement of a limb where the end traces a circle and the proximal end stays in place, forming a cone shaped motion

pronation

inward rolling of the foot or downward rotation of the forearm

supination

outward rolling of the foot or upward rotation of the forearm

dorsiflexion

lifts the foot towards the shin

plantar flexion

points the foot away from the shin

occipitofrontalis muscle

raises the eyebrows

orbicularis oris muscle

shapes the lips

temporalis muscle

elevates the mandible

masseter muscle

elevates the mandible

trapezius muscle

extends the head and elevates the shoulder

sternocleidomastoid

both flex the head, one alone rotates the face to the opposite side

external oblique muscle

compresses the abdomen

transversus abdominis muscle

compresses abdomen

internal oblique muscle

compresses abdomen

rectus abdominis muscle

compresses and flexes the vertebral column, aids urination and defecation

external intercostal muscles

aid inhalation and exhalation

diaphragm muscle

aids inhalation and exhalation

pectoralis minor muscle

depresses the shoulder

serratus anterior muscle

abducts the scapula

rhomboid muscles

adduct the scapula

deltoid muscle

abducts the humerus

pectoralis major muscle

flexes the humerus

supraspinatus muscle

abducts humerus

teres minor

adducts and laterally rotates the humerus

teres major muscle

extends and medially rotates the humerus

latissimus dorsi muscle

extends, adducts, rotates the humerus medially

biceps brachii muscles

flexes and supinates the forearm

brachioradialis muscle

flexes the forearm

pronator teres muscle

pronates the forearm

triceps brachii muscles

extends the forearm

supinator muscle

supinates the forearm

erector spinae muscle

extends the vertebral column

gluteus medius muscles

abduct the thigh

gluteus maximus muscles

abduct and extend the thigh

hamstring muscles

semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris

hamstring muscles action

extend the thigh

rectus femoris muscles

flexes the thigh

sartorius muscles

lateral rotation of hip

adductor muscles

adduct the thigh

gracilis muscle

adduct the thigh

gastrocnemius muscle

flexes lower leg, allows for plantar flexion of foot

quadriceps muscles

vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

quadriceps muscles actions

extend the lower leg

tibialis anterior muscle

dorsiflexion of foot

soleus muscle

plantar flexion of foot

striated muscle

skeletal, cardiac muscle

multinucleated muscle

skeletal, smooth muscle

skeletal muscle shape

long, cylindrical

cardiac muscle shape

branched

smooth muscle shape

tapered ends

intercalated discs

cardiac muscles ONLY

skeletal muscle location

everywhere throughout the body

cardiac muscle location

only in the heart

smooth muscle location

digestive tract, urinary tract, blood vessels

skeletal muscle functions

movement, thermoregulation, controlling defecation/urination, protecting internal organs, posture/body position

cardiac muscle functions

pumping blood

smooth muscle function

moving food, moving urine, controlling blood vessel diameter

muscle fibers are made of

myofibril

myofibril is made of

myofilaments

muscle fascicles are made of

multiple muscle fibers

muscles are made of

multiple muscle fascicles

3 types of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

function of fibrous joints

form skull suture lines, connection of bone to teeth, and antebrachial interosseous membrane

cartilaginous joints function

form public symphysis, form discs of vertebral column

function of synovial joints

provide mobility

ligaments

dense regular CT, connect bone to bone

tendons

dense regular CT, connect muscle to bone

plane joint

type of synovial joint, made of two flat bones sliding against each other

pivot joint

type of synovial joint, allows for rotation

hinge joint

type of synovial joint, opens and closes like a door hinge

condyloid joint

type of synovial joint, allows for flexing and extending but not rotation

saddle joint

type of synovial joint, allows for abduction/adduction, circumduction, flexing/extending, but no rotation

ball and socket joint

ball that fits into a socket, can perform any type of movement including rotation

clavicle

collarbone, superior to the ribcage

scapula

shoulderblade, articulates with the humerus and the clavicle

humerus

bone of the upper arm, head connects to glenoid cavity of scapula

radius

rotates around the ulna, articulating with wrist bones. Always lateral to ulna

ulna

always medial to the radius

hand bones

carpals (8), metacarpals (5), phalanges (2 in thumb, 3 in other fingers)

pelvis

2 coxal bones + the sacrum

femur

upper thigh bone. articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis

patella

kneecap bone

tibia

medial to the fibula

fibula

lateral to the tibia. ankle bone is a process of the fibula

foot bones

tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), 5 phalanges

calcaneus

heel bone

6 functions of bone tissue

fat storage, blood cell formation, mineral storage, allows for movement, support, protection

what bone marrow contains fat for fat storage?

yellow bone marrow, only found in adults

where are blood cells made in bones?

made in the spongy bone of the epiphysis

where are minerals stored in the bones?

2/3 of the extracellular matrix of the osteocytes is calcium phosphate

how do bones support the body?

1/3 of an osteocyte’s extracellular matrix is collagen, making the bones less brittle

how do bones allow for movement?

muscles connect to the periosteum of the bone

how do bones allow for protection?

ex. the ribs protect the heart and lungs, and the cranium protects the brain