A&P Exam 2

joint

where two bones come together

bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints

four major types of joints

synostosis

another name for bony joints

synarthrosis

another name for fibrous joints

amphiarthrosis

another name for cartilaginous joints

diarthrosis

another name for synovial joints

bony joint / synostosis

an immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossify, and they become in effect, a single bone

fibrous joints / synarthrosis

a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other

sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

three types of fibrous joints

sutures

immovable or slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other

serrate, lap, and plane

three types of sutures

syndesmosis

bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers, giving the bones more mobility

gomphoses

attachment of a tooth to its socket

periodontal ligament

a tooth is held to its socket by fibrous ___

cartilaginous joints / ampiarthrosis

two bones linked by cartilage

synchondroses and symphyses

two types of cartilaginous joints

synchondroses

non-moveable joint made with hyaline cartilage

sympyses

slightly moveable joint made by fibrocartilage

temporary joint in the epiphyseal plate in children and the first rib attachment to sternum

examples of synchondroses

pubic symphysis in which right and left pubic bones joined by interpubic disc and bodies of intervertebral discs

examples of symphysis

synovial joints / diarthrosis

most movable joints in which two bones are separated by a space called the synovial cavity

articular capsule

a sleeve-like capsule that encloses the synovial cavity

fibrous membrane and synovial membrane

articular capsule made of ___

dense irregular CT

outer fibrous capsule made of ___

areolar tissue

inner synovial membrane made of ___

synovial fluid

synovial cavity filled with

periosteum going from one bone to another

the fibrous membrane is basically the ___

synovial membrane

synovial fluid is secreted by the ___

lubricating the joint with viscous hyaluronic acid

synovial fluid reduces friction by ___

warming up the synovial fluid in your joints allows for more cushion, as warmer synovial fluid is less viscous and can be absorbed easier

why should you always warm up before exercising?

gliding, angular movements, rotation, and special movements

four types of movement

gliding

simple movement back-and-forth and from side-to-side, no significant alteration of the angle between the bones, limited in range, intercarpal joints

angular motion

increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones

flexion

movement that decreases the joint angle

extension

movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position

hyperextension

further extension of a joint beyond the zero position

abduction

movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

adduction

movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline

hyperabduction

raise the arm over back or front of head

hyperadduction

crossing fingers, crossing ankles

elevation

a movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane

depression

lowers a body part in the frontal plane

protraction

the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

retraction

posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

circumduction

one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion

rotation

movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis

medial rotation

which form of rotation turns a bone inward

lateral rotation

what types of rotation turns the bone outwards

supination

forearm movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward

pronation

forearm movement that turns the palm to face posteriorly or downwards

lateral excursion

right or left movement from the zero position

medial excursion

movement back to the median, zero position

backbend

hyperextension is also known as a ___

plantar flexion

extension of the foot so that the toes point downward as in standing on tiptoes

plantar flexion

what position are your feet in when resting

inversion

a movement in which the soles are turned medially

eversion

a movement in which the soles are turned laterally

supination of foot

complex combination of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction

pronation of foot

complex combination of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction

supination

tight tendons and ligaments typically cause ___ of the foot

pronation

loose tendons and ligaments typically cause ___ of the foot

high

supination is caused by ___ arches

collapsed

pronation is caused by ___ arches

movement

synovial joints are classified based on the type of ___

planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket

types of synovial joints (6)

planar joints

primarily permit back-and-forth and side-to-side movements

wrist, ankle, sacroiliac joint, ribs 2-7, between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

examples of planar joints

hinge joints

produce an opening and close motion like that of a hinged door; permit only flexion and extension

elbow joint and the joints between phalanges

examples of hinge joints

pivot joints

surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone; joints that enable the palms to turn anteriorly and posteriorly

atlantoaxial joint

example of pivot joint

condyloid joints

the projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone

wrist and metacarpophalangeal joint

example of condyloid joints

saddle joint

articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the articular surface of the other bon efits into the “saddle”

thumb and the sternoclavicular joint

examples of saddle joints

ball-and-socket joint

ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone

shoulder and hip joints

examples of ball-and-socket joints

menisci

pads of cartilage lie between the articular surfaces of the bones and allow bones of different shapes to fit together more tightly

anterior cruciate ligament

ACL

fibular collateral ligament or lateral collateral ligament

FCL or LCL

tibial tuberosity or medial collateral ligament

MCL

prevents sliding outward

what does the LCL do

prevents sliding inward

what does the MCL do

posterior cruciate ligament

PCL

meniscus and ACL

what parts of the knee are most often injured

arthroscopy

procedure in which the interior of the joint is viewed with a pencil-thin arthroscope inserted through a small incision

bursae

sac-like structures containing fluid similar to synovial fluid, located between tendons, ligaments, and bones, and cushions the movement of these bode parts

tendon sheaths

wrap around tendons and reduce friction at joints

structure/shape of the articulating bones and strength and tension of ligaments

factors that contribute to keeping the articular surfaces in contact and affect ROM

arrangement and tension of the muscles, contact of soft parts, hormones, and disue

factors affecting motion at synovial joints

lever

any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum

first class lever

EFR

second class lever

FRE

third class lever

REF

atlanto-occipital joint

example of first class lever

temporalis muscle which lies between the jaw joint and the pull of the digastric muscle on the chin

example of a second class lever

elbow

example of a third class lever

second class lever

lever used to exert more force against a resisting object than the force applied to the lever

third class lever

lever used to move the resisting object farther or faster than the effort arm is moved

mechanical advantage of a lever

the ratio of its output force to its input force