zoo lab midterm 1, frogs

why is amphibian skins more specialized then fish skin

amphibians adapted to life on land and need to protects from desiccation

what are the three layers of amphibian epidermis

stratum germinativum( produce new cells), stratum granulosum and stratum corneum(outer protective keratinized layer)

what is the func of keratinization in amphibians

reduces water loss and helps prevent desiccation but not completely

how does stratum corneum differ across amphibians

thicker in adults and terrestrial amphibians

what are the two layers of the amphibian dermis

stratum spongiosum(loose arrange connective tissue) and stratum compactum( densely packed connective tissue)

what glands are found in amphibian skin and jobs

mucous glands for secetring mucous to keep skin moist and poison(granular) glands for secreting defensive toxins

what are chromatophores and aposematism

chromatophores are for coloring while aposematism is for the bright warning colors of poison

what types of vertebrae are found in early amphibians

trunk n caudal plus single atlas (cervical vert) and sarcal vert

what are the func of the atlas and sacral vert

atlas: allows head to nod

sacral: attaches pelvic girdle to spine

what’s the urostyle in frogs

log unsegmented bone formed from fused vertebrae, located near pelvic girdle

how did pectoral girdle change from fish to tetrapod

became separated from the skull, and simplified with some dermal bones like clavicle added

what are the main components of tetrapod pelvic girdle

ilium, ischium and pubis, unlike fish it attaches to vert through sacral vert

what are the three main regions of tetrapod forelimb

brachium(humerus), antebrachium(radius and ulna), manus(carpal,metacarpal and phalanges)

what are the three main regions of tetrapod hind limb

thigh(femur), shank(tibia n fibula), pes(tarsals, metatarsal and phlanges)

why did tetrapod limb muscles become more complex?

jointed limbs needed to support weight against gravity and allow move on land

radio ulna is

fused radius n alna

fused tibia n fibula

tibio-fibula

astragalus and calcaneum

fused n elongated tarsal bones

whats the digest pathway in frogs

buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small(duodenum n ileum) intestine, colon cloaca

what happens in frogs intestines n stomach

stomach; physical n chem digest

intestine: digest m absorbs using micovilli to maximize nutrient absorption.

func frog liver n gall bladder

liver makes bile

gallbladder: holds bile which helps digest fat

why do frogs have a large liver

linked to produce bile n digestive substances for frogs protein rich diet

what’s the func of pancreas and fat bodies

pancreas: produce digest enzymes

fat bodies: store energy

how do frogs elim solid n liquid waste

solid: through cloaca

liquid: nitrogenous waste collected in urinary bladder then out cloaca

what adapt do frogs have n salamanders to eat

rapidly projectile tounge

what specis so far have pancreas

shark, perch, frog

what species so far have urinary bladder

frog n perch

how does resp change over frogs life

larvae have gills, adults use lungs an skin for respiration.

what type of gills do baby amphibians have

salamander have external gills, tadpoles have internal gills

whats the frog resp pathway

external nare, buccopharyngeal cavity, glottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

whats the func of frog glottis

slit like opening that controls flow air in n out resp track n stop food from enter

how do amphibans lungs increase surface area

internal folds that make small air spaces called alveoli

how do frog ventilate their lungs 3 steps

nostril open, glottis closed, so mouth floor lowers n draws air in

then glottis opens, old air leaves lungs

then nostril close, mouth floor rise n fresh air pushed into lungs

what is cutaneous resp

gas exchange through skin, moist n high vascular

what are all the surfaces frogs can use for resp

buccopharyngeal cavity, skin and alveoli

what type of circ do amphibians have

double circuit, blood pass through heart twice per circuit

how many chambers does amphibian heart have

3( rigth atrium, left atrium and ventricle)

what blood does each atrium get in frogs

right is o2 poor form body and left is o2 high from lungs

why does blood types mix in amphibian heart

both atria empty into one ventricle which has an incomplete interventricular septum

what are the two circulatory circuits in frogs

pulmonary(heart to lungs), systemic(heart to body)

how did tetrapods over come earth gravity in circulation 6

high blood pressure, thicker vascular muscles, one way valves, muscle contraction, tight skin, and developed lymphat

lamprey shark n perch heart vs frog

2 chambers and now 3

what types of kidneys do adult frogs have n where

opisthonephric kidneys, dosral and rear of body cavity

how does urine leave froggy body

kidney, opisthonephric duct, cloaca, urinary bladder, cloaca, outside

why do frogs have a bladder?

to store urine n reabsorb water

what nitrogenous waste do frogs excrete

urea which is less toxic then ammonia

how does sperm travel in frog

testes, efferent ducts, modified kidney tubes, opisthonephric ducts, cloaca

how does egg travel through frog

ovaries, coelum, ostium, oviduct, cloaca

how do frogs repro internal vs external?

external into water

sexual dimorphism in frogs

females are larger body and males larger ears

does urine n sperm/egg mix in frog

in males yes opisthonephric ducts carry both, while females have opisthonephric ducts and oviducts