CECE human development

psychodynamic theories focus on ___ processes rather than ___ when counseling clients

focus on unconscious processes rather than conscious

what psychologist was an ego psychologist?

erik erikson

Erik Erikson's stages are:

a. psychometric

b. psychodiagnostic

c. psychopharmacological

d. psychosocial

d. psychosocial

A 4-year-old child sees a cow for the first time and calls it a "horse" because it has four legs and looks similar to the horse they already know. According to Piaget's theory, which cognitive process is the child demonstrating?

assimilation

Individuals can think logically and abstractly when they reach the ____ stage of Piaget's theory.

formal operational

child who cannot understand that a tall, thin glass and a short, fat glass hold the same amount of water is lacking which of piaget's stages?

conservation

which psychologist is known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development, especially regarding college students? he stressed a concept known as dualistic thinking. what is dualistic thinking?

robert perry, dualistic thinking is black and white thinking

jean piaget's idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. the correct order of the stages is:

a. formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor

b. formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor

c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal oeprations

d. concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations

sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations

memory device: piaget's first stage emphasizes the SENSES and child's MOTORIC SKILLS hence sensorimotor. People seem to be more FORMAL as they get older. the stage with "pre" (preoperations) must come before the remaining stage which is concrete operations

who created the first intelligence test?

a. freud

b. piaget

c. erikson

d. binet

d. binet

in which of piaget's stages does conservation occur?

a. preoperationa

b. concrete operational

c. sensorimotor

d. formal operational

b. concrete operational

memory device: Conservation and Concrete operational both start with letter C

who was the father of behaviorism?

a. erikson

b. vygotsky

c. kohlberg

d. watson

d. watson

____ exapnded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development

a. kohlberg

b. erikson

c. watson

d. vygotsky

a. kohlberg

who was the leading theorist in moral development?

a. erikson

b. watson

c. kohlberg

d. vygotsky

c. kohlberg

- he used stories to determine the level of moral development in children

- memory device: morals are cool = kohlberg

what is piaget's concept of egocentrism?

a. child is self-absorbed

b. child cannot view world from the vantage point of someone else

c. preoccupation

b. child cannot view world from the vantage point of someone else

in what stage of Piaget's is egocentrism present?

a. conrete operations

b. preoperational

c. formal operations

b. preoperational

how many levels of morality in kohlberg's theory?

three

Which theorist used the Heinz Dilemma to study moral development, and what was its primary purpose?

A) Erik Erikson — to illustrate psychosocial stages of development across the lifespan

B) Jean Piaget — to assess children's cognitive reasoning abilities and logical operations

C) Lawrence Kohlberg — to evaluate levels of moral reasoning based on justifications for decisions

D) Carol Gilligan — to challenge androcentric models of development by centering relational ethics

C. Kohlberg to evaluate levels of moral reasoning based on justifications for decisions

the term identity crisis comes from the work of

a. counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients

b. erikson

c. adler

d. jung

b. erikson

- felt that in an attempt to find out who they really are, adolescents will experiment with various roles

kohlberg's first level of morality is guided by:

a. consequences

b. psychosexual urges

c. periodic fugue states

d. counterconditioning

a. consequences

Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by

a. psychosexual urges

b. a desire to live up to society's expectations

c. a desire to conform

d. b and c

d. b and c

Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual

a. must truly contend with psychosexual urges.

b. has the so-called "good boy/good girl" orientation.

c. has self-imposed morals and ethics.

d. a and b.

c. has self-imposed morals and ethics

The zone of proximal development

a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.

b. was pioneered by Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg.

c. emphasized organ inferiority.

d. a, b, and c.

a. pioneered by vygotsky

- a child's performance without a teacher versus that which he/she is capable of with an instructor

Arnold Gesell, a proponent of the maturational perspective, explained maturation as a process controlled by ____________ rather than ____________ factors.

genetic/environmental

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?

a. Generativity versus stagnation.

b. Integrity versus despair.

c. a and b.

d. Erikson's stages do not address midlife issues.

a. generativity vs stagnation

memory device: generativity refers to the ability to be productive and happy by looking outside one's self, and being concerned with other people (parenting, helping others), stagnation is feeling stuck (midlife crisis)

Which of the following best distinguishes Harlow's and Bowlby's contributions to attachment theory?

A) Harlow studied human infants; Bowlby studied primates to develop his evolutionary model

B) Harlow demonstrated that contact comfort, not feeding, drives attachment; Bowlby expanded this into an evolutionary theory of early bonding and internal working models

C) Both theorists agreed that attachment is primarily reinforced through the satisfaction of nutritional needs

D) Bowlby's research directly challenged Harlow by arguing that feeding is the foundation of secure attachment

b. harlow demonstrated that contact comfort, not feeding, drives attachment; bowlby expanded this into an evolutionary theory of early bonding and internal working models

the fear of death is....

a. greatest during middle age

b. is an almost exclusively male phenomenon

c. is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years

d. surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years

a. greatest during middle age

- Erikson's stages suggest the individual would accept the finality of life better during the final "ego identity versus dispair" stage rather than the middle-age years

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor

a. in the preconscious mind.

b. in the mind of the child in latency.

c. which evolves primarily during the oral age.

d. a and b.

c. which evolves primarily during the oral stage

- first psychosexual stage and attachments in humans/animals occur early in life

When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that in general

a) girls grow up to smile more

b) girls are using more feeling words by age 2

c) girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age

d) all of the above

d) all of the above

- boys are more physically active and aggressive

The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is

a. oral

b. anal

c. phallic

d. latency

d. latency

- "latent" refers to hidden meaning of dream so... in developmental stages the sexual drive seems hidden during latency

Which of the following best describes Stanley Coopersmith's research findings on self-esteem development in children?

A) Self-esteem develops primarily through peer relationships and academic achievement

B) Children develop high self-esteem when parents set no limits, allowing autonomous self-expression

C) Parental warmth, clearly defined limits, and respectful treatment are the strongest predictors of high self-esteem

D) Self-esteem is largely innate and remains stable regardless of early childhood experiences

C) parental warmth, clearly defined limits, and respectful treatment are the strongest predictors of high self-esteem

Stage theorists assume

a. qualitative changes between stages occur.

b. differences surely exist but usually can't be measured.

c. that humanistic psychology is the only model which truly

supports the stage viewpoint.

d. b and c.

a. qualitative changes between stages occur

Development is cephalocaudal, which means

a. foot to head.

b. head to foot.

c. limbs receive the highest level of nourishment.

d. b and c.

b. head to foot

- fetus head develops earlier than legs

think cephalo = head, caudal = codo(limbs, lower on body)

Kohlberg lists ________ stages of moral development which fall into ________ levels.

a. 6; 3

b. 6; 6

c. 3; 6

d. 3; 3

a. 6;3

- preconventional (punishment/obedience and naive hedonism)

- conventional (good boy/girl and authority, law and order)

- postconventional (democratically accepted law and principles of self-conscience and universal ethics)

Freud's Oedipus complex (or Oedipus stage)

a. is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur.

b. occurs during the phallic stage.

c. a and b.

d. is a concept Freud ultimately eliminated from his theory.

AND what is it called in girls?

c. a and b

in girls: Electra complex

- memory device: oedipus and phallic stage both contain the letter p

correct order of Freu'd psychosexual or libidinal stages is:

a. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

b. oral, anal, genital, phallic, and latency

c. oral, phallic, latency, genital, and anal

d. phallic, fenital, latency, oral, and anal

a. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

what is said to be the forerunner of behaviorism?

empiricism

- empiricism states that scientists can only learn from objective facts, mind is a blank slate, behaviors learned through environment

An empiricist view of development would be

a. psychometric

b. behavioristic

c. against the use of formal statistical testing

d. a and c

b. behavioristic

A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?

a. behaviorism

b. organicism

c. statistical developmentalism

d. all of the above

b. organicism

- qualitative is a change in kind or nature (often stage-based)

A 7-month-old infant stops reaching for a toy after it is hidden under a blanket in front of her. A few months later, the same infant begins using the word "mama" even when her mother is not in the room. Which of the following best explains the developmental shift between these two behaviors?

A) The infant has moved into the preoperational stage and can now perform logical operations on symbols

B) The infant has developed object permanence and representational thought, allowing her to mentally symbol things not physically present

C) The infant's deferred imitation ability has matured, enabling language acquisition

D) The infant has developed cause-and-effect understanding, which underlies early word use

b. the infant has developed object permanence and representational thought, allowing her to mentally symbol things not physically present

According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized,

he or she may _______ a given psychosexual stage.

a. skip

b. become fixated at

c. ignore

d. a and c

b. become fixated at

- whne life becomes too traumatic, emotional development can come to a screeching halt, although physical and cognitive processes may continue at a normal pace

In Freud's psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists

a. emphasize id processes.

b. refute the concept of the superego.

c. believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior.

d. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists.

c. believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was

a. Erik Erikson

b. Milton H. Erickson

c. A. A. Brill

d. Jean Piaget, who created the four stage theory

a. erik erikson

- psychoanalyst, freud's disciple, created a theory in which each stage represents a psychosocial crisis/turning point

what is egocentrism in piaget's stage of preoperational thought? (e.g., "the rain is following me")

conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from a different vantage point than their own

the statement "males are better than females when performing mathematical equations" is:

a. false

b. true due to genetics

c. true only in middle-aged men

d. true according to research by eleanor maccoby and carol jacklin

d.

- very few differences attributed to genetics and biological factors. males did not outperform until high school or college, thus must come from child-rearing patterns rather than bodily chemistry

in freudian language, describe manifest content vs latent content

- manifest: content describes the dream material

- latent: refers to the hidden meaning of the dream

heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and

a. assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes

b. assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes

c. assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

- all of these choices are vest-pocket definitions of heredity

Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing

a. Piaget's concept of conservation.

b. Erikson's trust versus mistrust paradigm.

c. Piaget's formal operations.

d. an apparatus known as a visual cliff.

d. an apparatus known as a visual cliff

- used a glass sheet that simulated a drop off. by 6 months, children would not go near it. signals that depth perception is inherent

In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the

a. sensorimotor stage.

b. formal operational stage.

c. preoperational stage.

d. acquisition of conservation.

a. sensorimotor stage

- memory device: reflex -> moving -> motor, sensorimotor

in which stage of piaget's does object permanence occur?

a. preoperational

b. sensorimotor

c. formal operations

b. sensorimotor

The schema (i.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the

a. sensorimotor stage—birth to 2 years.

b. preoperational stage—ages 2-7 years.

c. concrete operational stage—ages 7-12 years.

d. formal operational stage—12 years and beyond.

a. sensorimotor stage

The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life

a. still developed in a normal fashion

b. still related very well with animals reared normally

c. appeared to be autistic

d. were fixated in concrete operational thought patterns

c. appeared to be autistic

- people with autism have trouble communicating with others and forming close social bonds

A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores the clown's other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of

a. egocentrism.

b. centration.

c. formal abstract reasoning.

d. deductive processes.

b. centration

- centration is a preoperational stage where a child focuses on a key feature of an object or situation while ignoring the rest of it

The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of

a. Freud.

b. Adler on birth order.

c. Erikson.

d. Bowlby.

d. bowlby

- object = target of one's love

- if child unable to bond with an adult by age 3, they would be incapable of having normal relationships as an adult

a counselor who is seeing a 15 year old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that

a. in general, boys possess better verbal skills than girls

b. in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys

c. in general, boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls

d. b and c

d. b and c

Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is

a. the primal scene

b. preconscious psychic processes

c. sibling rivalry

d. BASIC-ID

c. sibling rivalry

A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This concept is best related to

a. Jung's concepts of anima, animus.

b. Freud's wish fulfillment.

c. Piaget's preoperational period, ages 2-7 years.

d. ego identity.

c. piaget's preoperational period, ages 2-7

- This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him.

Elementary school counseling and guidance services

a. have been popular since the early 1900s.

b. became popular during World War II.

c. are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s.

d. none of the above.

c.

According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson

a. Erikson's generativity versus stagnation stage simply doesn't exist.

b. 80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises.

c. an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes.

d. b and c.

d. b and c

Erikson's middle-age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to

a. the ability to do creative work or raise a family.

b. the opposite of stagnation.

c. the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time.

d. all of the above.

d. all of the above

who pioneered the technique of systematic desensitization?

joseph wolpe

who developed a form of treatment known as Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)?

- albert ellis

- teaches clients to think in a more logical manner

Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the

a. superego

b. ego

c. id

d. eros

a. superego

hint: superego = parent ego = should, ought, must

Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?

a. carl rogers

b. B.F. skinner

c. frank parsons, the father of guidance

d. konrad lorenz

d. konrad lorenz

- compared us to wolves, said we are naturally aggressive and it's necessary for survival

the statement, "bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not" is most closely associated with

a. kohlber's premoral stage at the preconventional level

b. kohlberg's conventional level

c. the work of carl jung

d. piaget's autonomous stage

a. kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level

- most concerned with doing the right thing to avoid punishment

A critical period

a. makes imprinting possible

b. emphasizes manifest dream content

c. signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all

d. a and c

d. a and c

Imprinting--rapid learning during a critical period of development--is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by:

A) Erik Erikson

B) Milton H. Erickson

C) Konrad Lorenz

D) Harry Harlow

c. konrad lorenz

Marital satisfaction

a. is usually highest when a child is old enough to leave home.

b. often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home.

c. correlates high with performance IQ.

d. is highest among couples who have seven or more college-educated children.

b. often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home

- marital satisfaction is only HIGHEST right after the wedding!!

To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow

a. used goslings as did Konrad Lorenz.

b. psychoanalyzed over 400 neurotics.

c. worked exclusively with schizophrenics in residential settings.

d. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average."

d.

Piaget is

a. a maturationist

b. a behaviorist

c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative

d. cognitive-behavioral

c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative

piaget's two stages of morality are...

- heteronomous morality/moral realism (do the right thing due to parents, teachers, etc)

- autonomous morality/moral independence (understand rules are made by people and can be changed)

The maturational theory of development utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists:

a. Conduct therapy in the here and now

b. Focus primarily on nonverbal behavior

c. Believe group work is most effective

d. Allow clients to work through early conflicts

d. allow clients to work through earlier conflicts

which of erikson's stages coincides with Freud's anal stage?

stage 2, autonomy vs shame

which of erikson's stages coincides with Freud's phallic stage?

stage 3, initiative vs guilt

according to EriCkson, a teen who experiments with roles in the quest to understand their true identity is..

a. psychological moratorium

b. finding himself

c. identity vs industry

d. none of the above

a. psychological moratorium

- some tests will use this

which of erikson's stages coincides with Freud's latency stage?

stage 4, industry vs inferiority

in which of Erikson's stages does an individual go through an egocentrism stage? (similar to Piaget's)

identity vs role confusion (12-18), teen feels invincible, overly concerned with himself, excessive introspection

According to Freud, during which psychosexual stage does the Oedipus complex emerge, and what does it involve?

a. The oral stage — the child develops an unconscious attachment to the mother through breastfeeding

b. The anal stage — the child struggles with the father for control over toilet training decisions

c. The phallic stage — the boy develops unconscious sexual desires for the mother and views the father as a rival, leading to castration anxiety

d. The genital stage — the adolescent revisits unresolved feelings toward the opposite-sex parent

c. the phallic stage - the boy develops unconscious sexual desires for the mother and views the father as a rival, leading to castration anxiety

Which aspect of Freud's theory is generally considered the MOST controversial?

a. The concept of unconscious motivation

b. The use of defense mechanisms such as repression and denial

c. The Oedipus complex

d. The idea that early childhood experiences shape personality

c. the oedipus complex

anaclictic depression, coined by renee spitz, refers to?

infants who were separated from their mothers for an extended period of time. initially sad and weepy, and after 3 months emotionless face and faraway stare

fixed action pattern (FAP) are... and they are elicited by..

ritualistic behaviors elicited by sign stimulus (aka releaser)

example of a fixed action pattern

- people yawn when they see others yawn

- face the door when in an elevator

*scientists are split on whether these examples are FAPs

konrad lorenz is known for making us aware of what concept? and why is this important for human development?

imprinting, where ducklings will follow or attach themselves to the first thing they see. important in development bc introduces us to the critical period. imprinting must happen at a certain time or doesn't take place at all

1. A 6-year-old tells the school counselor, "You have to follow the rules because the teacher said so, and the teacher is always right." According to Piaget's theory of moral development, this child is demonstrating:

a. Autonomous morality, based on mutual respect

b. Heteronomous morality, based on authority obedience

c. Postconventional reasoning about social contracts

d. Moral relativism, based on peer negotiation

b. heteronomous morality, based on authority obedience

2. A 10-year-old is playing a board game with friends. When a dispute arises about a rule, the child says, "We made up that rule last time. We can change it if we all agree." Piaget would identify this as:

a. Heteronomous morality / moral realism

b. Preconventional moral reasoning

c. Autonomous morality / moral independence

d. Formal operational egocentrism

c. autonomous morality / moral independence

- 8+ children understand rules are created by people and therefore can be changed

3. A counselor educator is explaining how Kohlberg's theory of moral development relates to earlier work. Kohlberg's six-stage model was an expansion of whose original work on moral reasoning?

a. Erikson's psychosocial theory

b. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

c. Piaget's two-stage model of morality

d. Bandura's social learning theory

c. piaget's two stage model of morality

4. A first-year college student tells her academic advisor, "Just tell me the right answer. Either the professor is right or wrong — there shouldn't be two sides to this." According to Perry's scheme of intellectual development, this student is most likely in which position?

a. Multiplicity

b. Relativism

c. Dualism

d. Commitment to Relativism

c. dualism

- knowledge is seen as black and white, authorities are either right or wrong

5. A college junior is working on a research paper and says, "There are so many perspectives on this topic. I can see merit in different arguments, but I honestly can't figure out which ones are stronger than others." Perry would place this student in:

a. Dualism

b. Multiplicity

c. Commitment to Relativism

d. Heteronomous morality

b. multiplicity

- acknowledging that multiple viewpoints exist but unable to evaluate or rank them, especially when they contradict each other

6. A graduate student says, "I've studied this issue from many angles and I understand that knowledge is contextual. But based on my analysis, I've chosen this theoretical orientation because it aligns with the evidence I find most compelling — though I'm open to revising that." According to Perry, this reflects:

a. Dualism

b. Multiplicity

c. Relativism

d. Commitment to Relativism

d. commitment to relativism

- person has chosen their stance, and acknowledges that new viewpoints might shift their choices

7. A sophomore tells his counselor, "I used to think everything was black and white, but now I realize there are many valid perspectives on most issues. Knowledge depends on context, and there are many ways to perceive reality." Perry would identify this as:

a. Dualism

b. Multiplicity

c. Relativism

d. Commitment to Relativism

c. relativism

- recognition that all knowledge is context-dependent, with many valid ways to perceive reality

8. A counselor working from a psychodynamic framework notices that her adult client is excessively dependent, a chronic nail-biter, and tends to be gullible in relationships. Freud would most likely conceptualize these traits as a fixation at which stage?

a. The anal stage, related to control issues

b. The phallic stage, related to Oedipal conflict

c. The oral stage, related to early feeding needs

d. The latency stage, related to social skill deficits

c. the oral stage

- oral fixation results from unresolved conflicts during the oral stage

- fixation here is dependency, clingy, gullibility

9. A client describes himself as extremely organized, frugal to the point of hoarding, and rigid about rules and schedules. His partner says he is "condescending and controlling." A Freudian would consider this personality pattern consistent with fixation at which stage?

a. The oral stage

b. The anal stage

c. The phallic stage

d. The genital stage

b. the anal stage, producing anal-retentive traits

- fixation during anal stage when toilet training is too "strict" results in child developing retentive traits (hoarding, frugal, condescending)

10. During the phallic stage (ages 3-6), a boy develops unconscious desires toward his mother and views his father as a rival. Freud called this the Oedipus complex. Resolution of this complex is critical because it leads to the development of the:

a. Ego, through reality testing

b. Id, through drive satisfaction

c. Superego, through identification with the same-sex parent

d. Libido, through sublimation of sexual energy

c. superego

- forms when boy resolves oedipus complex and child internalizes parent's moral standards and societal values

11. Freud proposed two fundamental drives that motivate all human behavior. The life instinct, which includes sexual energy and the drive toward survival, is called:

a. Thanatos

b. Libido

c. Eros

d. Superego

c. eros

12. A school counselor is working with a 9-year-old boy who is focused on academics, building friendships, and playing sports. He shows no interest in romantic topics and prefers same-gender friendships. According to Freud, this child is in which psychosexual stage?

a. The phallic stage, focused on gender identity

b. The genital stage, focused on mature relationships

c. The latency stage, where sexual energy is dormant

d. The oral stage, focused on dependency needs

c. the latency stage, where sexual energy is dormant

13. A key exam distinction about Freud's theory compared to Erikson's is that Freud's psychosexual stages:

a. Cover the entire lifespan from birth to death

b. Focus on social relationships at each age

c. Do not cover the entire lifespan — development is largely complete by early childhood

d. Emphasize cultural and social influences on personality

c. do not cover the entire lifespan, development is largely complete by early childhood

14. In Harlow's famous surrogate mother experiments, infant monkeys were given a choice between a wire mother that provided food and a terrycloth mother that provided no food. The monkeys overwhelmingly preferred the terrycloth mother. This finding demonstrated that:

a. Feeding is the primary basis of attachment

b. Contact comfort is more important than feeding in forming attachment bonds

c. Infant monkeys prefer soft textures for warmth regulation

d. Attachment only forms with biological mothers

b. contact comfort is more important than feeding in forming attachment bonds

15. In Harlow's studies, monkeys who were deprived of contact with a real or surrogate mother for the first 8 months of life showed which outcome?

a. They quickly bonded with a surrogate once introduced

b. They formed normal attachments after a brief adjustment period

c. They were unable to form bonds with a mother figure and became socially isolated

d. They showed enhanced independence and resilience

c. they were unable to form bonds with a mother figure and became socially isolated

16. A counselor is explaining to a parenting group why physical touch and holding are essential for infant development, not just feeding and diaper changing. The research that BEST supports this recommendation is:

a. Piaget's sensorimotor studies

b. Harlow's surrogate mother experiments

c. Kohlberg's research

d. Bandura's Bobo doll study

b. harlow's surrogate mother experiments

17. smiling is to happiness as ___ is to anaclitic depression:

a. Rapid recovery and secure reattachment

b. Increased aggression toward caregivers

c. Frozen, emotionless faces and a faraway stare

d. Heightened social engagement with strangers

c. frozen, emotionless faces and a faraway stare

term coined by rené spritz

18. René Spitz coined the term "anaclitic depression" to describe a syndrome observed in infants who:

a. Were over-stimulated by inconsistent caregiving

b. Were separated from their mothers for extended periods in institutional settings

c. Experienced harsh discipline during toilet training

d. Lacked exposure to age-appropriate peers

b. were separated from their mothers for extended periods in institutional settings