GEOL 102 mid term study (part 4)

An index fossil should satisfy all of the following except: ________.

Pyritization

Animals first appeared in the fossil record about __________ years ago in the ____________Period.

600 million; Ediacaran

Which of the following types of fossils would be most useful in telling if two continents were connected together? 

Benthic animal fossils

In the Linnaean binomial name system, a species is named as Tyrannosaurus rex. The first word of this name refers to the ___________.

genus

Shelly animals could be preserved as shell fossils, or as internal/external molds and casts when the shells were dissolved during burial. In the figure (below), F1 and F2 are ammonite fossils preserved in shales of Mesozoic units in UK. Which one is a mold and which one is a cast?

 

F1 is an external mold and F2 is a cast

A sedimentary bed with abundant burrows or intensive bioturbation implies________________.

oxic bottom-water conditions

Animal fossils are unlikely to be found in ____________ strata.

Precambrian

_______ is a group of organisms having structural, functional, and developmental similarities, and are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Species

Filling in many small pores in a fossil by silica, calcite, phosphorite, pyrite, etc., is called_______________.

permineralization

The oldest strata in which bird fossils were found are of ___________age.

Jurassic

The stratigraphic interval in which the ranges of two (or more) taxa overlap is called a (an) ___________.

concurrent range zone

The Phanerozoic began about _____ million years ago.

541

In ______________, new biologic structures appear because of "need" or "inner want".

 

Lamarck's Theory

The oldest vascular land plants were found from strata of ____________age.

Silurian

Vertebrate forelimbs serve different functions (flippers for swimming, legs for running, hands for grabbing, etc.), but they all have similar bone construction. This similarity of structures in superficially dissimilar organisms is termed as ____________.

homology

Fossil evidence, such as the changes of lower foreleg in horses through time, supports which of the following: ________.

Natural selection: “the survival of the fittest”

In the marine ecosystem, modern or ancient, plants make their food directly from processing solar energy. Among the following organisms, which one makes its food directly from solar energy?

Phytoplankton

In deep-marine environments below the Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD), which of the following deposits may be found?

 Siliceous ooze (diatoms and radiolarians)

In the fossil record, paleontologists found that sudden changes of species occurred following or after long periods of little evolutionary progress. This evolutionary mode is called_______________.

punctuated equilibrium

During the Archean (4.0–2.5 billion years ago, or Ga) and Paleoproterozoic (2.5–1.6 Ga), and potentially on ancient Mars, organisms living in the oceans were mostly _______________.

prokaryotes