Sport Management: Facilities, Diversity, Leadership, and Governance

Vocabulary flashcards covering sport facility and event management, diversity and inclusion, management versus leadership, organizational power, and governance and ethics.

Wiregrass Ranch Sports Campus

A $29\text{ million}$, $98,000\text{ square feet}$ facility located in Pasco County, Florida, featuring two $35,500\text{-square-foot}$ multi-use courts, a cheer studio, outdoor fields, and an athletic training center.

Sport Facility Construction Stages

The sequential five-step procedure required to build a facility: 1) Design, 2) Site selection, 3) Estimating costs, 4) Feasibility, and 5) Construction.

Project Management Triangle

An event management model composed of Time, Cost, and Scope, establishing that a change to any one of these constraints inevitably impacts the remaining two.

Experience Economy in Sport

A framework identifying four distinct experiential dimensions through which sport events produce value for spectators: entertainment, educational, escapist, and aesthetic experiences.

Sport Product Realities

Unique operational characteristics of sport products: consumed as produced, intangible, emotional, subjective, heterogeneous, unpredictable, uncontrollable at the core, and requiring simultaneous competition and cooperation among organizations.

Sport Consumer Behavior Factors

The three psychological and social dimensions—socialization, involvement, and commitment—that link fan identity, personal relationships, and motivation to sport participation patterns.

Risk Management Cycle

An ongoing, cyclical operational process comprising identification, analysis, evaluation, treatment, and monitoring to safeguard participants, spectators, staff, and sport organizations.

Event Portfolio Types

The classification of events based on scale, audience, and operations: mega-events, recurring events, traveling events, ancillary events, and community events.

Diversity

The state of being composed of differences and including diverse types of people within a group or organization, encompassing gender, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, and socioeconomics.

Executive Order 10925

The 1961 federal employment directive that formally established affirmative action policies to widen employment access for populations disadvantaged by prior discrimination.

Rooney Rule

An NFL affirmative action policy requiring teams to interview minority candidates for head coaching and senior football operations roles, functioning as an interview requirement rather than a hiring quota or preference.

Sport Media Gender Representation Disparity

A media coverage inequity documented by MacKenzie (2019), showing that female athletes receive only $4\%$ of all sport media coverage.

Division I Athletic Director Gender and Racial Diversity

Demographic benchmarks from Lapchick (2020) revealing that women hold $13.6\%$ and people of color hold $13.6\%$ of NCAA Division I athletic director positions.

Pro League Office Female Representation

The proportion of female employees across professional league headquarters: WNBA ($48.9\%$), NBA ($39.7\%$), MLS ($38\%$), NFL ($36.8\%$), and MLB ($30.8\%$).

Athlete of Color Participation Rates

League participation percentages for athletes of color documented by Lapchick (2020) and Douglas (2019): NBA ($81.3\%$), NFL ($70.1\%$), MLS ($61.7\%$), MLB ($39.8\%$), College Sports ($34.4\%$), and NHL ($19.4\%$).

Jason Collins

An active professional basketball player who came out publicly as gay in 2013, marking a watershed moment for LGBTQ+ inclusion and visibility in major American team sports.

Management

A rational, systematic organizational process guided by positional authority that coordinates activities, structures manager/subordinate relationships, sets benchmarks, and accomplishes specific operational tasks and goals.

Leadership

An influence-based relationship formed between leaders and followers aimed at establishing mutual purposes, aligning shared values, meeting basic human needs, and driving intended change toward an imagined future.

Kotter's Core Human Needs in Leadership

The fundamental motivational drivers leaders fulfill to connect daily work with meaning: achievement and belonging, recognition and self-esteem, and a sense of control and ideals.

Levitt's Management Process

A systematic five-phase operational framework: 1) Assess situation, 2) Select goals, 3) Develop strategies, 4) Marshal resources, and 5) Direct and control while motivating and rewarding work.

Power

A social and organizational condition that confers influence over individuals or groups, allowing an individual to modify behavior, actions, or attitudes to attain desired goals.

Micro Power

Individualized organizational power sources, including reward, coercive, legitimate, referent, expert, information, group, groupthink, exchange, and integration.

Paths to Leadership

The four distinct mechanisms through which an individual secures a leadership position: appointment, election, emergence, and charisma.

Lewin, Lippitt, and White Leadership Styles

A seminal situational leadership typology identifying three distinct behavioral approaches: authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire.

Path–Goal Theory

A contingency leadership framework establishing that leaders influence subordinate motivation and goal attainment using directive, supportive, participative, or achievement-oriented behaviors.

Directive Leadership Behavior

A specific Path–Goal leadership style in which the leader provides clear performance expectations, explicit guidelines, and defined goals for subordinates.

McGregor's Theory X

A managerial paradigm presuming that workers are inherently lazy, prefer explicit direction, evade responsibility, prioritize security, and require continuous monitoring, pressure, and strict supervision.

McGregor's Theory Y

A managerial paradigm positing that workers seek personal growth and autonomy, thriving under decentralized authority, less rigid oversight, and self-evaluation.

Sport Governance

The exercise of power and authority within sport bodies to establish missions, determine membership and eligibility, and enforce regulatory policies across local, national, and international tiers.

Attributes of an Organization (Chelladurai, 2005)

Eight foundational structural elements of sport organizations: identity, program, membership, boundaries, permanence, division of labor, authority, and formal rules.

Regulatory Power

The formal enforcement capacity of governing entities to apply binding sanctions, including barring participation, banning competitors, imposing financial taxes, or denying membership.

The Five Rs of Good Governance

The foundational reporting and operational pillars of credible governance: Regulations (organizational governance), Rules (technical play), Rankings (performance placements), Records (all-time best performances), and Results (final standings).

Conditions for Ethical Dilemmas

The three criteria defining complex ethical choices: significant value conflicts among differing interests, real alternatives that are equally justifiable, and significant consequences for stakeholders.