Cognitive Science 2

What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

Three-stage memory model

What is another name for the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

Modal Model of Memory

How long does sensory memory typically last?

Less than 1 second

How long does short-term memory last?

15–30 seconds

How long can long-term memory last?

Years or decades

What determines which sensory information enters STM?

Attention

What is maintenance rehearsal?

Repetition to maintain information

What is elaborative rehearsal?

Meaningful connections for LTM

What replaces STM in newer memory models?

Working memory

What is sensory memory?

Brief storage of sensory information

What is another name for sensory memory?

Sensory register

What is a sensory trace?

Stored sensory information

What characterizes sensory memory?

Brief accurate large-capacity modality-specific

What does veridical mean?

Highly accurate

What is iconic memory?

Visual sensory memory

What is echoic memory?

Auditory sensory memory

How long does iconic memory last?

Less than 1 second

How long does echoic memory last?

A few seconds

What is the modality effect?

Echoic lasts longer than iconic

Why does echoic memory last longer?

Auditory integration over time

What did Sperling (1960) investigate?

Sensory memory capacity and duration

What is whole report in Sperling's iconic-memory experiment?

Recall entire visual display

What is partial report in Sperling's iconic-memory experiment?

Recall one cued row

How were rows cued in Sperling's experiment?

Different tone pitches

How many letters did participants recall in Sperling's whole-report condition?

3–4 letters

What did Sperling's immediate partial-report results suggest?

Nearly entire display briefly available

What did Sperling's partial-report method demonstrate about sensory memory?

Large sensory memory capacity

What happened when Sperling delayed the cue?

Recall rapidly decreased

What happened to Sperling's partial-report advantage after a 300-ms cue delay?

Partial-report advantage nearly disappeared

What did Sperling's delayed partial-report condition demonstrate?

Brief sensory memory duration

What is mismatch negativity (MMN)?

Brain response to unexpected stimuli

When does MMN typically occur?

150–250 ms

What does MMN suggest about auditory memory?

Recent sounds retained for comparison

What did Sams et al. (1993) find about auditory MMN duration?

MMN after 9–10 seconds

Which brain area supports sensory memory?

Sensory cortex

What is short-term memory?

Current conscious information storage

What distinguishes STM from LTM?

Duration capacity coding

What is decay in STM?

Forgetting without rehearsal

What is interference in STM?

Forgetting through competing information

How do decay and interference differ?

Fading versus competition

When is interference between STM items strongest?

Similar competing information

What is proactive interference?

Old information disrupts new

What is retroactive interference?

New information disrupts old

What did Brown and Peterson investigate?

Forgetting when rehearsal prevented

What prevented rehearsal in Brown-Peterson experiments?

Backward counting

What did the Brown-Peterson STM task show about forgetting?

Rapid STM forgetting

What is Miller's magical number?

7 ± 2

What did Miller demonstrate about STM?

Limited memory capacity

What is forward digit span?

Repeating digits in original order

What does forward digit span measure?

STM capacity

What is typical forward digit span?

5–8 digits

What is chunking?

Grouping information into meaningful units

What is a chunk?

Strongly associated information units

How does chunking improve memory?

Reduces separate memory units

How does expertise help people chunk information?

Better recognition of meaningful patterns

What did studies of chess experts show about memory?

Experts remember meaningful arrangements

Why do chess experts struggle to remember random board positions?

No familiar meaningful patterns

What did Ericsson's digit-span participant S.F. achieve?

Digit span increased to 79

What is coding in memory?

Mental representation of information

What are three STM coding types?

Auditory visual semantic

What is auditory coding?

Sound-based representation

What is visual coding?

Image-based representation

What is semantic coding?

Meaning-based representation

What did Baddeley (1966) find about similar-sounding words?

Similar sounds reduce recall

What does confusing similar-sounding words reveal about STM coding?

Auditory coding

What did Shepard and Metzler investigate?

Mental rotation

What happens to reaction time as mental-rotation angle increases?

Reaction time increases

What type of memory coding does mental rotation support?

Visual coding

What did Wickens et al. investigate about STM coding?

Semantic coding and interference

What is release from proactive interference?

Improved recall after category change

What happened to recall when Wickens changed semantic word categories?

Recall improved

Why does release from proactive interference support semantic STM coding?

Meaning determines interference

What is anterograde amnesia?

Inability to form new memories

What is retrograde amnesia?

Loss of pre-injury memories

What is temporally graded retrograde amnesia?

Recent memories disproportionately impaired

Why are recent memories vulnerable after brain injury?

Incomplete consolidation

What memory impairments did patient K.F. show?

Impaired STM preserved LTM

Where was patient K.F.'s brain damage?

Near Sylvian fissure

What was patient K.F.'s digit span?

About 2 items

What memory pattern did patient E.E. show?

Impaired STM normal LTM

What brain area was affected in E.E.?

Parietal lobe

What do the cases of K.F. and E.E. show about memory systems?

STM and LTM dissociation

How does working memory differ from STM?

Maintenance plus manipulation

How do STM and WM compare in capacity?

Both limited

What does unitary STM mean?

Single memory system

What does modular WM mean?

Multiple specialized components

Who developed the multicomponent WM model?

Alan Baddeley

What are the four components in Baddeley's working-memory model?

Phonological visuospatial executive episodic

What is the phonological loop?

Verbal and auditory memory

What are the phonological loop's two components?

Phonological store and articulatory rehearsal

What is the phonological store?

Temporary verbal auditory storage

What is articulatory rehearsal?

Mental repetition preventing decay

What is the phonological similarity effect?

Similar sounds cause confusion

What is the word-length effect?

Short words recalled better

Why does the word-length effect occur?

Long words require longer rehearsal

What is articulatory suppression?

Verbal interference preventing rehearsal

How does articulatory suppression affect memory span?

Reduces span

How does articulatory suppression affect word-length effects?

Eliminates effect

How does articulatory suppression affect phonological similarity for written words?

Reduces effect for reading

What is the visuospatial sketchpad?

Visual and spatial working memory