AP World History - Ultimate Guide (copy)

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History Within Civilizations

History Within Civilizations

What rises out of collapse of classical civilization and interactions developing between new states Growth of long-distance trade

World’s Major Religions

Most belief systems still are impacting historyMost major religions have divisions = subgroups and sects (focus more on overall religion)Understand theological basis of belief systems and impact of belief systems on social, political, cultural, military developmentsOrigin and spread of belief systems - cultural interactions

Religious Mysticism

adherents within religions focusing on mystical experiences that bring them closer to divine - prayer, meditation

Buddhism

Cultures: India, China, Southeast Asia, JapanContext:Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, a young Hindu prince - lived in Nepal from 563-483 BCE, rejected wealth and world possessions and became Buddha (Enlightened One)No supreme being - 4 Noble Truth: (1) all life is suffering, (2) suffering caused by desire, (3) can be freed of desire, (4) freed of desire following a prescribed pathMahayana Buddhism: great ritual, spiritual comfort - more complex but with greater spreadTheravada Buddhism: meditation, simplicity, nirvana as renunciation of consciousness and selfrejects caste system - appealed to those of lower rank

Christianity

Cultures: started as group of Jews, quickly expanded through Europe, northeastern Africa, Middle EastContext:Based around Jesus of Nazareth, a figure who claimed to be Messiah the Jews had awaited - teachings of devotion to God and love for othersBased on Bible teachingsWorld was created by God, but world has fallen from GodImpact: compassion, grace through faith appealed to lower classes and women

Confucianism

Cultures: China (400 BCE+)Context:Founded by Confucius, educator and political advisor - thoughts and sayings collected in the AnalectsDeals with how to restore political and social order, not with philosophical or religious topicsImpact: Stayed within Chinese culture

Hinduism

Cultures: IndiaContext:Belief in one supreme force called Brahma who created everything - many godsGoal of believer is to merge with Brahma - believe it takes multiple lives to accomplishImpact: religion and social caste system, which has prevented global acceptance of religion

Islam

Cultures: caliphates (Islamic kingdoms), North Africa, central Asia, EuropeContextAllah presented words through prophet Muhammad, whose words were recorded in the Qur’anSalvation is won through submission to GodImpact: Rapidly spread to Middle East

Judaism

Culture: HebrewsContext:God selected a group of holy people who should follow his laws and worship themHebrew Bible - Torah, miracles, laws, historical chronicles, poetry, propheciesImpact: First of major monotheistic faiths

Abbasid Dynasty

Islamic Empire from 750-1258 CE - capital in Baghdad Centre for arts and sciences - mathematics (Nasir al-Din al Tusi), medicine, writings (House of Wisdom library)Built around trade - used receipt and bill system

What caused the decline of Islamic Caliphates?

Challenged by revolt of enslaved Turkish warriorsNew Shia dynasty in IranSeljuk Turk Sunni groupPersians, Europeans, ByzantinesMost importantly Mongols - overtook and destroyed Baghdad in 1258

Middle Ages in Europe

Fall of Rome before Renaissance - complicated timeEastern Roman Empire became Byzantine EmpireWestern Europe: collapsed entirely - Christianity remained strong

European Feudalism

Hierarchy social system of Middle Ages

Feudalism Structure

King: power over whole kingdomNobles: had power over sections of kingdom in exchange for loyalty to king and military serviceVassals: lesser lords with sections of Noble land who could divide it further - estates were called fiefs or manors (self-sufficient)Male dominated - women could not own landPeasants or Serfs: worked the landHad few rights or freedoms outside of manorSkilled in trades, which helped them break out of feudal mode as global trade increased

Emergence of Modern Countries

At end of Middle Ages, people began moving from feudal kingdom organization to linguistic and cultural organization

Germany’s Path to Statehood (13th Century)

reigning family of emperorship died out, entering a period of interregnum (time between kings) Merchants and tradespeople became more powerful in the meantime

England’s Path to Statehood (13th Century)

English nobles rebelled against King John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta - reinstated the nobles, laid foundation for Parliament Later divided into House of Lords and House of Commons

France’s Path to Statehood (13th Century)

England began to occupy many parts of France which spurred revolts - Joan of Arc fought back English out of Orleans Hundred Year’s War

Hundred Year’s War (1337-1453)

Unified France, leading to England’s withdrawal from the country

Spain’s Path to Statehood (13th Century)

Queen Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married to unite Spain in a single monarchy and forced all residents to convert to Christianity - Spanish Inquisition

Russia’s Path to Statehood (13th Century)

Taken over by Tartars (group of eastern Mongols) under Genghis Kahn in 1242 until Russian prince Ivan III expanded his power in 1400s and became czar

China’s Song Dynasty (960-1279)

Confucianism justified subordination of womenNeo-Confucianism: Buddhist ideas about soul, filial piety, maintenance of proper roles, loyalty to superiors

Foot Binding

Song Dynasty practice of bounding women’s feet after birth to keep them small

China’s Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

Took over China again after brief period of Mongol dominance

China’s Zen Practice

meditation and appreciation of beauty

Japan

relatively isolated from external influences outside Asia for many years Feudal Structure

Japan’s Feudal Structure

EmperorShogun (chief general)Daimyo: owners of larger pieces of land, powerful samurai (like knights)Followed Code of Bushido code of conduct - loyalty, courage, honourLesser samurai (like vassals)Peasants and artisans

India

History filled with conflict between Islam and Hinduism Delhi Sultanate: Islamic invader kingdom in DelhiIslam took over Northern India - clash between Islam monotheism and Hinduism polytheismRajput Kingdoms: several Hindu principalities that united to resist Muslim forces from 1191 until eventual takeover in 1527

Khmer Empire (9th-15th century)

Hindu Empire in modern day Cambodia, Laos, Thailand Beliefs were carried through Indian Ocean trade networkCrafted the Angor Wat temple

Africa

Islamic Empire spread to North Africa in the 7th to 8th centuries - travelled through Sahara Desert and reached the wealthy sub-SaharanAn explosion of trade beganHausa Kingdoms

Africa’s Hausa Kingdoms

off Niger River, series of state system kingdoms achieved economic stability and religious influence though long trade (salt and leather) - notably city of KanoPolitical and economic downturn in 18th century due to internal wars lead to their downfall

3 Great Ancient Civilizations of the Americas

Maya, Incas, Aztecs

Aztecs

Arrived in Mexico in mid 1200sExpansionist policy and professional, strict armyEmpire of 12 million people with flourishing trade, many of people enslavedWomen were subordinate, but could inherit property

Incas

Andes Mountains in PeruExpansionist - army, established bureaucracy, unified language, system of roads and tunnelsMany people were peasantsWomen were more important and could pass property to their daughtersPolytheistic religion with human sacrifice - Sun god was most impor

Middle Ages - Trading in Towns

Merchants emerged with new industry, referred to as Burghers, became politically powerful Towns often formed alliances with each otherHanseatic League

Hanseatic League (1358)

Trade alliance though northern Europe to drive toward nationhood, increase social mobility and flexibility

Middle Ages Architecture

Romanesque to Gothic - especially reflected in cathedrals Flying buttresses: tall windows and vaulted ceilingsOften had art and sculpture, music

Scholasticism

Growth of education and knowledge - founding of universities for men philosophy, law, medicine studyideas of Muslims and Greeks - came in conflict with religion

Crusades (11-14th century)

Military campaigns by European Christians to convert Muslims and non-Christians, combat religious questioning, Heresies

Heresies

religious practices/beliefs not conforming to traditional church doctrine

Pope Innocent III

issued strict decrees on church doctrine - frequently persecuted heretics and Jews, unsuccessful 4th crusade

Pope Gregory IX

Inquisition: formal interrogation and prosecution of perceived heretics with punishments like excommunication, torture, executionchurch often referred to as Universal Church or Church Militant

Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

Christian theologian who made advancements in Christian thought - faith and reason aren’t in conflict

What led to urbanization in the Middle Ages?

Trade - cities usually were around trade routes Silk Road cities were the most populous - Baghdad, Merv, Chang’anConstantinople, Paris, Italian City-States

Mongols

set of tribes and clans that were superb horseman and archers

Genghis Kahn

unified the tribes in Mongolia in the early 1200s to expand their authority over other societies - first invaded China in 1234

Mongol Empire

panned from Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe - spit into hordes after death of Genghis Kahn, ruthless warriors destroying cities but remained peaceful after settling into cities

Golden Mongol Horde

conquered modern-day Russia

Kublai Kahn

Genghis Kahn’s successor - ruled China

Mongol Culture

Didn’t really have a set culture - didn’t enforce religion or way of life on conquered nations, but didn’t make any cultural advancements

Timur Lang

Mongol leader who took over India and destroyed everything - grew Islam in the nation

Mongol Leadership

If any residents of society the Mongols took over resisted, they would immediately kill them, so most had no choice but to give in - they were ruthless fighters, organized and mobile

Impact of Mongols

Great diffusers of culturePrevented Russia from culturally developingWorld trade, cultural diffusion, global awareness grew as they spread through Europe, the Middle East, and Asia

Song Dynasty in China

bureaucratic system built on merit and civil service examination creating a lot of loyal government workers, improved transportation and communication and business practices Kept China stable and retained focus on Confucian principles

Song Dynasty Industrialism

improved literacy with printed books from early form of movable type which increased productivity and growthHad some of the largest cities in the world and a powerful navyUtilized gunpowder, magnetic compass, advanced shipsTheir iron production between 800-1100 rivalled the British production centuries later

Rise of Trade

Trade exploded from 1200-1450 Improved with better transportation and monetary systems

Main Global Trade Routes

The Hanseatic LeagueThe Silk RoadThe land routes of the MongolsTrade between China and JapanTrade between India and PersiaThe Trans-Saharan trade routes between west Africa and the Islamic Empire

Bubonic Plague

started in Asia in the 14th century and carried by merchants - killed about 1/3 people in England

Indian Ocean Trade

Dominated by Persians and Arabs - western India to Persian Gulf to eastern AfricaGreat Zimbabwe: trading empire in Africa from 11th to 15th centuries

Silk Road

China to Mediterranean cultures in early days of Roman Empire and from 1200 to 1600Cultural exchange through travellers stopping at trade towns - Kashgar, SamarkandSilk, porcelain, paper, religion, food, military technologies

Hanseatic League

Made up of over 100 citiesCreated substantial middle class in northern EuropeSet precedent for large, European trading operations

Expansion of Religion and Empire

Both natural spread of religion through contact over trade and intentional diffusion through missionary work or religious war - often caused conflicts between opposing cultures

Other Reasons People Were on the Move

Ran out of room in certain places, but cities were always increasing in size as opportunities grew in themNew cities and empires drew people inMuslim pilgrimages

Xuanzang

Chinese Buddhist monk who travelled through T’ang Dynasty to India to explore Buddhism

Marco Polo

merchant from Venice who travelled to China and Europe

Ibn Battuta

Islamic traveler who travelled through Islamic world to India to China

Margery Kemp

English Christian who travelled through Europe and Holy

Sir Isaac Newton

English physicist and mathematician Developed the laws of motion and universal gravitationMade significant contributions to calculus and optics.

Europe in 1300s

Europe had been Christian for over a thousand years - As countries began to unify, countries who had preserved their history influenced Europe to expand its worldview

The Renaissance in Europe

As trade increased, people moved to the cities and an influx of money was experienced - a lot of money went to studying the past leading to the Renaissance

Humanism

focus on personal accomplishment, happiness, and life on earth instead of living for the goal of salvation

Printing Press

invented by Johannes Gutenberg in mid 1400s made books easy to produce and affordable, and accessible to everyoneled to more literate people

Protestant Reformation

Catholic Church was an undisputed authority in Europe - exploited nobles and peasants, who were getting increasingly frustrated and noticed its corrupt nature

Indulgences

Paper the faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory Way the church exploited its members

Martin Luther

German monk who published his list of complaints against the church most significantly proposed salvation was given directly through God, not through the church, which significantly reduced the church’s influencecaused a split in Christianity

Lutherans

Luther’s followers - separated from Catholic Church

Calvinism (John Calvin)

predestination - only a few people would be saved by God, great influence in Scotland and France

Jesuits (Ignatius Loyola)

prayer and good works leads to salvation

Catholic Reformation (16th Century)

Catholic church attempts to remedy some of their controversies and regains some of its credibility still wanted authority and controlled to Council of Trent - right back to the beginning

Council of Trent

Reinstated pope authority, punished heretics, reestablished Latin as only language in worship

Scientific Revolution

Expanded education and knowledge led to world discoveries and different views on the organization of the world

Copernican Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus - discovered earth and other celestial bodies revolved around the sun and the earth rotated on its axis

Galileo

built off Copernicus’s theories and proved them forced to recant by the Catholic Church and put under house arrest

Scientific Method

shift from reasoning being most reliable means of scientific meaning to scientific method (theory, documentation, repetition, experimenting)