Psych Ch5

Intentionality

directed towards an object

Unity

the ability to integrate information from all senses into one

Selectivity

capacity to include some objects but not others; tune in to what information is of interest and filter out the rest

Dichotic Listening

people hear different things in each ear of headphones; while repeating one message aloud

Cocktail Party Phenomenon

tuning in to one person while filtering out others nearby

Transience

tendency to change

Levels of Consciousness

different qualities or levels of awareness of the world and self

Minimal Consciousness

low level of sensory awareness/responsiveness; mind inputs sensations and may output behavior

Full Consciousness

you know and are able to report your mental state

Self Consciousness

a person's attention is focused solely on themself

Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)

participants are asked to report conscious experiences and thoughts at specific times

Consciousness Dominated by Immediate Environment

consciousness focused on the immediate environment

Daydreaming

seemingly purposeless flow of thoughts; activation in the default network involving the self

Mental Control

attempt to change conscious state

Thought Suppression

conscious avoidance of a thought

Rebound Effect

thoughts return more after suppression

Unconscious Mind

mental processes that occur without our experiencing them

Freudian Dynamic Unconsciousness

active system encompassing hidden memories

Repression

keeps intrusive thoughts in the unconscious

Freudian Slips

speech errors or memory slips that are not random but are caused by the unconscious

Modern Cognitive Unconscious

all mental processes of thoughts

Dual Process Theories

we have two information-processing systems: one for fast unconscious processing and one for slow conscious processing

System 1

uses information from the guide to behavior; associated with intuition and familiarity

System 2

slow

Unconscious Mind as a Dumb Computer

can understand word parts and can be better at sorting out complex facts and making the best choice

Altered State of Consciousness

form of experience that departs from a normal subjective experience of the world

Altered State Experiences

altered sense of time

Sleep

a state involving changes in consciousness and reduced responsiveness

Hypnagogic State

pre-sleep consciousness involving dreamlike wandering thoughts

Hypnic Jerk

sudden dropping feeling during the hypnagogic state

Hypnopompic State

fuzzy or lingering state of consciousness while waking from sleep

Circadian Rhythm

naturally occurring 24-hour cycle

Sleep Stages

stages of sleep identified using EEG

Stage 1

theta waves

Stage 2

interrupted by sleep spindles and K complexes; harder to awaken

Stage 3/4

delta waves; slow-wave sleep and deepest sleep

Stage 5 / REM

rapid eye movement and high brain activity; sawtooth waves; lighter sleep

REM

rapid eye movement; associated with high brain activity and dreaming

Typical Night

about 4–7 hours of sleep

Newborn Sleep

newborns sleep about 6–8 hours

Child Sleep

children sleep about 11–12 hours

Adult Sleep

adults sleep about 7–7.5 hours

Sleep Loss

lack of sufficient sleep

Sleep Loss and Learning/Memory

sleep loss impairs learning and memory

Sleep Loss and Reaction Time

sleep loss reduces reaction time and increases the risk of accidents and injury

Sleep Loss and Depression/Irritability

sleep loss increases depression and irritability

REM Sleep Loss

can cause aggression and memory issues

Slow-Wave Sleep

deep sleep that is important for physical health

Sleep Disorders

conditions involving problems with normal sleep

Insomnia

difficulty falling or staying asleep; about 30–50% of people have symptoms

Self-Induced Insomnia

sleep difficulty caused by behaviors that interfere with sleep

Surrender

a cause of depression/anxiety listed under insomnia

Priming

no cause

Trying to Fall Asleep

trying too hard to fall asleep can make it harder to sleep

Sleep Pills

can be addictive and interfere with REM sleep

Sleep Apnea

repeatedly stopping breathing for short periods while asleep; often involves snoring

Somnambulism (Sleepwalking)

usually occurs in slow-wave sleep early in the night; common in children; eyes may be open

Narcolepsy

sudden sleep attacks while awake; genetic and treatable with medication; associated with REM sleep

Sleep Paralysis

waking up unable to move; can be accompanied by hallucinations of dreams; usually happens during REM

Night Terrors

abrupt awakenings with panic; usually occur in children

Dreams

experiences during sleep characterized by intense emotion

Intense Feelings in Dreams

dreams often involve intense emotions

Continuities of Time/Place/Person

dreams can contain continuities of time

Sensation in Dreams

sensations can be fully formed

Uncritical Acceptance

events in dreams are accepted as if they are perfectly normal

Difficulty Remembering Dreams

dreams are often difficult to remember after waking

Dream Topics

dreams can be about mundane topics reflecting past experiences or sensations experienced during sleep

Nightmares

dreams that are more likely to involve bad or threatening topics

Dream Theories

theories explaining the meaning or origins of dreams

Freud

believed dreams represented wishes that were normally taboo

Manifest Content

the apparent or surface content of a dream

Latent Content

the underlying meaning of a dream

Dreams and Repressed Thoughts

dreams can reflect repressed thoughts

Activation-Synthesis Theory

dreams occur when the brain tries to make sense of random neural activity during sleep

Brain Activity in REM Sleep

includes the amygdala

Amygdala

brain area active during REM sleep and associated with emotional activity

Occipital Lobe

involved in visual imagery during REM sleep

Motor Cortex

involved in movement-related brain activity during REM sleep

Prefrontal Cortex

involved in planning and visual perception; relatively inactive during REM sleep

Lucid Dreaming

being aware that you are dreaming; involves more activity in the prefrontal cortex

REM Motor Inhibition

motor areas are active

Blind People and Dreams

blind people are less likely to “see” in dreams and instead have more auditory and touch experiences; they also have more nightmares

Psychoactive Drugs

chemicals that influence consciousness and behavior by altering the brain's messaging system

Alcohol

induces sleep but prevents dreaming and slows brain waves

Drug Use and Consciousness

psychoactive drugs can alter consciousness and become addictive

Positive Reinforcement

people keep taking drugs because it makes them feel good

Negative Reinforcement

people keep taking drugs to reduce withdrawal symptoms

Drug Tolerance

needing larger doses to produce the same effect

Physical Dependence

withdrawal causes physical symptoms or illness

Psychological Dependence

feeling that you need the drug or feeling unable to function without it

Addiction Risks

individual differences that affect the likelihood of becoming addicted

Drug-Use Decision

the decision to use drugs can be outside a person's control and can depend on the environment

Genetic Predisposition

some people are genetically predisposed to become addicted

Social Interaction in Hypnosis

social interaction in which one person makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person's subjective experience

Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person's subjective experience

Hypnotic Suggestion

suggestions that lead people to expect certain things will happen

Induction

focusing on an item and suggesting things such as closing the eyes or performing unusual behavior

Suggestibility

varies greatly by levels of judgment; hypnotists use suggestions to increase suggestibility

Effects of Hypnosis

can make people do things they otherwise might not do

Hypnotic Effects on Behavior

hypnosis can influence behavior and make people perform actions they otherwise might not perform