Japan + Europe Midterm

Alessandro Valignano

joined Jesuit order in 1566, created reforms for Jesuits, wrote the sumario

Francis Xavier

A founder of the Jesuits, one of the first to arrive in Japan and helped establish Constitution. He observed traits and faced obstacles

Luis Frois

Compared Iberian and Japanese culture, befriended Oda Nobunaga, Translated + interpreted for Valignano,

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

served Nobunaga +avenged him, then took his position. controlled daimyo +other religious groups, forbade villagers from weapons and from becoming samurai. tolerated missionaries because of China trade. daimyo believed Jesuits controlled where Portugese docked

Tokugawa Ieyasu

served Hideyoshi, became shogun in 1603. every two years, domain leaders had to go to Edo. When not in Edo, family had to stay there (Sankin Kotai System). he expelled Iberian missionaries in 1614 and established trade with England and Netherlands

Oda Nobunaga

Daimyo of Owari domain, became defacto leader by installing puppet Ashikaga shogun in 1568. ruled until death. infamous for destroying Mount Hiei monasteries (powerful political force)

Shogun/Bafuku System

shogun ruled in name of emperor but had all the power, shogun had to maintain control of domain lords to retain unified country

The Society of Jesus

outward facing religion, emphasis on education. constitutions stressed the need to adapt to the cultures of the people

Treaty of Tordesillas

Portugal + Spain, giving half of the “world” to spain and half to portugal. They justified by “giving people Christianity”

Estado da India in Asia

Portugal traded in Africa, mostly spices. Tried to monopolize and forbid spice trading without Portugese King approval

Portugese Trade

Brazil, West Africa, East Africa, Middle East, India, SE Asia, East Asia. Products: gold, silver, silks and porcelain, sugar, pepper, mace and nutmeg, cloves, cinnamon, cotton, horses

The Constitutions

an early document set by Jesuits to articulate how to go about serving God+Pope. expectation that Jesuits would adapt to cultures where they went. emphasis on communication (encouraged to write letters)

Important Teachings

10 Commandments, Salvation, Damnation, God is Creator

Traits Xavier saw in Japanese people

civility/manners, honor over wealth, carried weapons, vegetarian monks, small food portions, despise theft/gambling, want to learn/already educated

Obstacles Faced

language barrier, Buddhist priests/monks, environment (weather, food). Japanese questioned teachings

Francisco Cabal

portugese trader who joined Jesuits in 1554, opposed Japanese culture, called them dishonest.

Valignano’s Reforms

got rid of Cabral, new rules for residences, meals, bathing, school, treatment of Japanese brothers, and proposal to borrow ranks of Zen Priests for Jesuits

Sumario de las Cosas del Japon

compiled over Valignano’s time in japan, carried when he left Japan in 1582 with 4 Japanese boys he planned to take to Europe. Sumario addressed to Father General and advisors so primarily an internal document.

Luis Frois Treatise

drawn from personal experience, 1585, thought to be intended for new European arrivals in Japan, 600 distiches in 14 chapters

De Missione Legatorum

Tensho mission text organized by Valignano to introduce Japanese Christians to the pope. To show Japanese the splendors of Europe, guided by Jesuit Father and brother, traveled to Macao, Goa, Portugal, Spain, Rome, and back again over 8 years. Purpose to create a latin account of the voyage and counter accusations of fraud about the trip.

Colloquia

European households (servants), sacred governance (pope is supreme, wealthy give up riches to serve church, all worship the same god), and secular governance (monarchs more powerful and wealthy than Japan domain lords, united do not take titles by force, monarchs ower allegiance to pope, monarchs dont disperse income

Xavier Catechism

The creation of heaven and earth by God, the fall of the angels, the creation of Adam and Eve, Noah and the flood, the Tower of Babel and idolatry, the destruction of Sodom and evil of sodomy, liberation by Moses, Moses receiving the 10 commandments, fall and penance of King David, Jesus’ life, death, and resurrection, heaven and hell

“Shared” Rituals

baptism (original sin is forgiven), penance (pollution and purification), prayer, the eucharist, scourging (punishment for sin)

Christovao Ferreira

stayed in Japan after the expulsion, wrote back about Kirishitan Martyrdoms, captured and forced to apostatize, became an interpreter after for the Japanese

Expulsion Edict of 1636

No Japanese ships may leave for foreign countries, No Japanese may go abroad secretly, Any Japanese currently living abroad who tries to return will be killed, Any informers revealing location of bateren are rewarded,

Measures to eradicate christianity

temple registration (controls people movement), Goningumi (household of 5 people), Shumon-arateme yaku (suppression of christianity),

Kakure Kirishitans

went underground, only half rejoined Christianity after being uncovered