GAP unit 3

Cervical Plexus

The phrenic nerve banches of this spinal plexus

Sensory Tracts

These type of tracts carry information to the brain

A fast automatic response to a stimulus 

Reflex

Brachial Plexus

Shoulder and arm nerves branch off of this spinal plexus

Central Canal

The hole in the center of the spinal cord

Direct or Pyramidal Tracts

These type of motor tracts carry nerve impulses for voluntary movements

Cauda equina

This is composed of any nerves and is found at the end of the spinal cord.

The dorsal (posterior) root of the spinal cord carries ___________information. 

Sensory

Lumbar Plexus

This spinal plexus is located in the lower back

Indirect or Extrapyramidal Tracts

These motor tracts carry nerve impulses for unconscious or involuntary movements down the spinal cord

Dorsal (posterior) root ganglion

This structure contains cell bodies of sensory neurons and is located on the dorsal (posterior) root. 

Sacral Plexus

The sciatic nerve branches off of this spinal plexus:

Grey matter

The type of matter responsible for reflexes; receives sensory information and sends out motor information.

A spinal nerve root is a bundle of ___________.

Axons

Ventral (Anterior) Root

This spinal nerve root carries information away from the spinal cord

Spinal Cord Compression

A condition in which the spinal cord is squeezed or pinched

Complete Transection of the Spinal Cord

A condition in which the spinal cord is severed (cut)

White matter

This type of matter contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts to communicate with the brain.

Makes up the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Astrocytes

What cells make up the myelin sheath in the PNS

Schwann’s cells

What cell forms CSF in brain and spinal cord

Ependymal cells

What cell phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, debris, and more in the CNS

Microglia

What cells make up the myelin sheaths in the CNS

Oligodendrocytes

What receptors detect pain?

Nociceptors

What receptors detects light

Photoreceptors

What receptors detect changes in temperature

Thermoreceptors

What provides information about organs

Visceral senses

What senses touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain

Somatic senses

What receptor detects pressures

Pressure receptors

What receptor detects chemicals

Chemoreceptors

What receptor detects touch

Touch receptors

Sensation

Awareness of stimuli

What receptors detect body position and movement?

Proprioceptors

General senses

Senses located all over the body

What contains ceruminous glands

External auditory canal

What is cloudy lens called

Cataracts

Otitis media

Middle ear infection

Breakdown of the retina

Macular degeneration

Transparent, curved covering over the iris

Cornea

Whites of eyes

Sclera

Contains blood vessels that nourish the eye

Choroid

Point of sharpest vision

Central fovea

Prevents blurred vision

Constriction

Cranial nerve that carries nerve impulses to primary auditory area of the brain

Vesibulocochlear

Ear bones

Auditory ossicles

Light rays bend as they enter the eyes

Refractions

Set of cavities in the temporal bone

Bony labyrinth

Fluid inside the body labyrinth

Perilymph

Taste

Gustation

Filled with aqueous humor, in front of the lens

Anterior cavity

Middle layer of the eyeball

Vascular tunic

Transmits vibrations to the organ of Corti

Cochlea

Deafness that causes damage to either the hair cells in the cochlea or CN V3

Sensorineural

Function in dim, low light

Rod

Functions in bright light

Cones

Nearsightedness

Myopia

Night blindness

Nyctalopia

Deafness that is caused by damage to external or middle ear

Conduction

Connects the middle ear to throat

Eustachian tubes

Changes shape of lens to see close objects

Accommodation

Maintains the position of the head in response to rotational movements

Dynamic equilibrium

Place where the optic nerve leaves the eye

Blind spot

The ____ senses are located in one specific area of the body

Special nerves

Lens loses it elasticity and less able to focus

Presbyopia

Regulates the amount of light that enters the eye through the pupils

Iris

Ear bone next to oval window

Stapes

Ringing of the ear

Tinnitus

Filled with vitreous humor, behind the lens

Posterior cavity

Ear bone next to malleus

Incus

Focuses images; Suspensory ligaments hold it in place

Lens

Farsightedness

Hyperopia

What secretes aqueous humor

Ciliary processes

These protect the eyes and spread tears

Eyelids

Ear bone next to the tympanic membrane

Malleus

Produces tear

Lacrimal gland

Normal vision; images fall on the retina

Emmetropia

Dizziness or spinning sensation caused by inner ear infection disorder

Vertigo

Inner layer of eyeball

Nervous tunic

Outer layer of the eyeball

Fibrous tunic

Also known as the eardrum

Tympanic membrane

Smells

Olfaction

Set of sacs and tubes inside the bony labyrinth

Membranous labyrinth

Maintain the position of the head in relation to gravity

Static equilibrium

The lobe of brain the interprets smell

Temporal lobe

3 loops in the inner ear

Semicircular canals

Fluid inside the membranous labyrinth

Endolymph

Changes shape of lens

Ciliary muscle

Also known as the pinnacle; collects sound waves

Auricle

Area of brain where taste is interpreted

Parietal lobe

Retina contains these receptors

Photoreceptors

Irregular curvature of cornea or lens

Astigmatism

Inflammation of the conjunctiva

Conjunctivitis, pink eye

Controls vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate

Medulla oblongata

Coordinates complex movements and control posture and balance

Cerebellum

Maintains homeostasis

Hypothalamus

Maintains consciousness and regulates muscle tone

Reticular activating system

Pain and pleasure center

Limbic system

Primary sensory area for touch and taste

Parietal lobes

Primary visual area

Occipital lobes of cerebrum

Initiates movements (primary motor area)

Frontal lobes of cerebrum