Macromolecules AP Bio

Organic molecules have ___, ___ or ___ bonds

carbon, hydrogen or carbon-carbon

What are macromolecules

large organic molecules necessary for life

What are most macromolecules made of

monomers

monomer definition

A single subunit of a macromolecule

Polymer

large molecules made of repeating subunits

4 types of macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Hydrophobic meaning

water fearing

non polar compounds meaning

chemical structures that share electrons evenly and lack distinct positive or negative poles

hydrophobic compound:

nonpolar compounds

Hydrophilic meaning

water loving

Ionic compound meaning

A neutral chemical substance made of positively and negatively charged ions held together by ionic bonds

polar compound meaning

a chemical structure with an uneven distribution of electron charge, resulting in a slightly positive side and a slightly negative side

Hydriophilic compounds

ionic and polar compounds

Functional groups

Groups of atoms frequently bonded to carbon skeletons

Hydroxyl

(-OH)

Carbonyl

(-CO-)

Carboxyl

(-COOH)

Amino/amine

(-NH2)

Suffhydryl

(-SH)

Phosphate

(-PO4²-)

Methyl

(-CH3)

O,N,S

polar

Dehydration synthesis

Forms covalent bonds between monomers by releasing a water molecule to build macromolecules

Polymerization

The connection of many monomers

Hydrolysis

breaks/cleaves covalent bonds between monomers by splitting/adding a water molecule to break down macromolecules

Organisms need C, H, O, N, P and S to make their molecules

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

Plants get carbon (CO2) from

Absorbing CO2 from the air

Plants get hydrogen from:

water

Plants get nitrogen and phosphorus from:

soil

Organisms need energy to build new molecules, they get their energy from

light or chemical compounds

Carbohydrate monomer

monosaccaride

A carbohydrate (CHO) contains, hydrogen and oxygen in a ___ ratio

1:2:1

CHO has a ___ structure

ring

Covalent bond (glycosidic linkage) between monomers is formed by

dehydration synthesis

Monosaccharide

single ring or chain

disaccharide

2 monosaccharides joined together

polysaccharide

many monosaccharides joined together

Monosaccharide function

primary energy source

Polysaccharide function

Short term energy storage and structural support

Lipid monomers:

no true monomer, but may have fatty acids

fatty acids are linked together by:

dehydration synthesis

Fatty acids can either be ___ or ___

Saturated or unsaturated

Saturated fat contains

Single bonds between carbons

Saturated fat is:

straight and solid

Unsaturated fat contains:

double bonds

Unsaturated fat is:

bent and liquid

Fats function

long term energy storage, insulation, protection

Waxes function

waterproofing

phospholipids function

membrane structure

Why can phospholipids interact with other polar molecules (like water) and non polar regions that are often hydrophobic

Due to their amphipathic ability

amphipathic meaning

contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Steriods function

Hormones and membrane fluidity

Why can steroids release hormones and interact with fatty acid tails in the membrane

Due to Nonpolarity

non polarity meaning

lacking distinct positive or negative electrical poles

Nucleic acids monomer:

nucleotide

3 parts of a nucleotide:

phosphate group, pentose, nitrogen base

phosphate group meaning

a chemical functional group made of 1 phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

Pentose meaning

5 carbon sugar

nitrogenous base

a nitrogen-containing molecule that acts as the letter of the genetic code in DNA and RNA

Nucleic Acid structure

CHONP

What are nucleotides linked together by

phosphodiester bonds

The linking of individual nucleotides into nucleic acids is from

dehydration synthesis

Identity of a molecule (DNA or RNA) depends of the nucleotide:

sugar(pentose) or base

DNA strand form

double helix

RNA strand form

One strand

DNA pentose sugar name

deoxyribose

RNA pentose sugar name

Ribose

DNA nitrogenous base

Thymine

RNA nitrogenous base

Uracil

What are mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

The 3 main type of RNA that work together to build proteins in cells

mRNA function

acts as a short lived copy of the DNA base sequence to make protein

tRNA function

Carries amino acids which are assembled into a protein

rRNA function

Makes up part of the ribosome, which assembles the amino acids together to make a protein

DNA function

storage of genetic info

RNA function

gene expression (making proteins)

ATP function

energy currency

How can ATP release energy

hydrolysis

proteins monomer:

amino acids

4 types of amino acids

amino group (NH2), Central carbon, Carboxyl group (COOH), Side chain/Rgroup

R groups have different properties based on

the atoms present

R groups can be

nonpolar, polar or ionic

Protien strcuture

CHON(S)

Polar covalent bond

bond between the hydrogen and oxygen bond

hydrogen bond

bond between 2 polar molecules

Protein amino acids are linked together by

covalent bonds via dehydration synthesis

how many amino acids does a peptide have

2-50 amino acids

how many amino acids does a dipeptide have

2

how many amino acids does a tripeptide have

3

how many amino acids does a polypeptide have?

many

Primary protein structure

Unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain