Lab Final

Applications of Foraminifers - Estuaries

Provide info on past salinity and temperature

Applications of Foraminifers - Continental shelf

Tell us about past water depths

Applications of Foraminifers - Bathyal

Tell about the oxygen levels and depth of CCD

Phylum Porifera (sponges) Major Advancement

Differentiated cells

Phylum Porifera (sponges) Lifestyle

Sessile and filter feeders

Osculum

Opening at the top; “little mouth” in the phylum Porifera

Cloaca

Central chamber; “sewer” in the phylum Porifera

• Phylum foraminifera

• Order fusulinida

• Genus triticites

• Phylum foraminifera

• Order rotaliida

• Genus nummulites

• Phylum porifera

• Genus Euplectella

• Phylum Porifera

• Genus Euspongia

• Phylum Porifera

• Genus Prismodictya

• The arrow is pointing to the cloaca

• Phylum Porifera

• Genus Hydnoceras

• Phylum Porifera

• Genus Archaeocyathus

• Phylum Porifera

• Class Stromatoporoids

• The pokey stuff is the mamelons, which are where water is exchanged

Phylum Cnidaria (Corals and Jellyfish) Major Advancement

True tissue; simple nerve net

• Phylum Cnidaria

• Order Alcyonacea

• Genus Gorgonia (sea fan)

• Phylum Cnidaria

• Order Alcyonacea

• Genus Tubipora (pipe organ coral)

• Phylum Cnidaria

• Order Tabulata

• Genus Favosites (honeycomb)

Corallite

The individual skeletal tube that housed a single coral polyp

Tabulae

The horizontal partitions stacked inside corallite

• Phylum Cnidaria

• Order Rugosa

• Genus Zaphrentis (horn corals)

• Solitary coral

Septa

The internal partitions inside the cup-shaped (solitary rugose) coral skeleton

Tabulae

The internal horizontal plates or platforms that span across individual corallites

Fossula

A distinct structural gap or depression found within the skeletal anatomy of Rugose corals

• Phylum Cnidaria

• Order Rugosa

• Genus Hexagonia

• Colonial coral

• Phylum Cnidaria

• Order Rugosa

• Genus Heliophyllum

• Solitary coral

• Phylum Cnidaria

• Order Scleractinia

• Genus Acropora (elk coral)

Pedicle

Muscle stalk for attaching onto substrate

Lophophore

An appendage extending from near the mouth with long, tentacle-like cirri. These cirri contain fine cilia that generate water currents that bathe the lophophore and carry food particles toward the mouth

Phylum Bryozoa Major Advancement

True organs (e.g., lophophore)

Beak

Pointed extremity of the shell, which marks the beginning of shell growth; radial costae diverge from it, and successive growth lines are progressively distant.

Hinge Line (Curved)

Growth Line

Cocentric markings of shell recording earlier stages of shell length

Costae

Fine radial ribs from beak to commissure

Hinge Line (Straight)

Fold

Elevated area of valve along the mid-line

Sulcus

Median depression of valve corresponding to the fold in the other valve

Plication

Corrugation caused by very coarse costae

• Phylum Brachiopoda

• Genus Rafinesquina

• Surface ornamentation includes costae, and a straight hinge line is present

• Phylum Brachiopoda

• Genus waagenoconcha

• Surface ornamentation: costae and pits for spines

• Phylum Brachiopoda

• Genus Leptaena

• Surface ornamentation: concentric wrinkling of the growth lines; costae; straight hinge line

• Phylum Brachiopoda

• Genus Mucrospirifer

• Surface ornamentation: costae, sulcus, straight hinge line, fold, and growth lines

• Phylum Brachiopoda

• Genus Rhynchotrema

• Surface ornamentation: plication, sulcus, and fold

• Phylum Brachiopoda

• Genus Laques

• No surface ornamentation

• Phylum Bryozoa

• Genus Tabulipora

• Include the zooids

• Phylum Bryozoa

• Genus Fistolipora

• Include the zooids and a cross-section

• Phylum Bryozoa

• Genus Prasapora

• Include the zooids and the cross-section

• Phylum Bryozoa

• Genus Archimedes

• Include the zooids and the cross-section

• Phylum Bryozoa

• Genus Fenestrella

• Include the zooids

• Phylum Bryozoa

• Genus Hallopora

• Include the zooids