Chemistry acids and bases + ionic equations and ionic, metallic bonding
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109 Terms
What is an acid?
A substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution.
What is an alkali?
A soluble base that produces hydroxide ions (OH
What does aqueous mean?
Dissolved in water.
What is the pH scale?
A scale from 0 to 14 used to measure how acidic or alkaline a solution is.
What pH is strongly acidic?
pH 0–3.
What pH is weakly acidic?
pH 4–6.
What pH is neutral?
pH 7.
What pH is weakly alkaline?
pH 8–10.
What pH is strongly alkaline?
pH 11–14.
What colour does litmus turn in acid?
Red.
What colour does litmus turn in alkali?
Blue.
What colour is phenolphthalein in acid?
Colourless.
What colour is phenolphthalein in alkali?
Pink.
What colour is methyl orange in acid?
Red.
What colour is methyl orange in alkali?
Yellow.
What colour is methyl orange in a neutral solution?
Orange.
What is universal indicator used for?
To estimate the approximate pH of a solution.
What colour is universal indicator at pH 7?
Green.
What colour is universal indicator in a strongly acidic solution?
Red.
What colour is universal indicator in a strongly alkaline solution?
Purple.
What ions do acids produce in aqueous solution?
Hydrogen ions (H+).
What ions do alkalis produce in aqueous solution?
Hydroxide ions (OH
What is neutralisation?
A reaction between an acid and an alkali that produces a salt and water.
What is the general equation for neutralisation?
Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water.
What is the ionic equation for neutralisation?
H+ + OH
What is a titration?
An experiment used to find the volume of acid needed to neutralise a measured volume of alkali, or vice versa.
What is a pipette used for in a titration?
Measuring an accurate fixed volume of solution.
What is a burette used for in a titration?
Measuring and delivering an accurate variable volume of solution.
What is a conical flask used for in a titration?
Holding the solution being titrated.
Why is an indicator used in a titration?
To show when the end point has been reached.
What is the titre?
The volume of solution delivered from the burette.
How do you calculate the titre?
Final burette reading minus initial burette reading.
Why do you swirl the conical flask during a titration?
To mix the solutions thoroughly.
What are concordant results?
Titre results that are very close together.
What are the Group 1 elements called?
The alkali metals.
Name three Group 1 metals.
Lithium, sodium and potassium.
How many electrons do Group 1 metals have in their outer shell?
One.
What happens when Group 1 metals react with water?
They produce a metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
What is the general word equation for Group 1 metals reacting with water?
Metal + Water → Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen.
What is the general symbol equation for Group 1 metals reacting with water?
2M + 2H2O → 2MOH + H2.
How does reactivity change down Group 1?
Reactivity increases down the group.
Why does reactivity increase down Group 1?
The outer electron is further from the nucleus and more shielded, so it is lost more easily.
What happens when lithium reacts with water?
It floats and fizzes gently.
What happens when sodium reacts with water?
It fizzes vigorously, melts into a ball and moves around.
What happens when potassium reacts with water?
It reacts very vigorously and produces a lilac flame.
Why are Group 1 metals considered a family?
They have one outer
What is diffusion?
The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Why does diffusion happen?
Particles move randomly in all directions.
What happens to particles during diffusion?
They spread out until they are evenly distributed.
What is dilution?
Adding more solvent to a solution to decrease its concentration.
What happens when water is added to a coloured solution?
The colour becomes paler because the dissolved particles are more spread out.
What happens to the number of dissolved particles during dilution?
The number stays the same, but they are spread through a larger volume.
How are particles arranged in a solid?
Closely packed in a regular arrangement.
How do particles move in a solid?
They vibrate around fixed positions.
How are particles arranged in a liquid?
Close together but randomly arranged.
How do particles move in a liquid?
They move past each other.
How are particles arranged in a gas?
Far apart and randomly arranged.
How do particles move in a gas?
Quickly and randomly in all directions.
What is an ion?
A charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons.
How does a metal form a positive ion?
By losing electrons.
How does a non
metal form a negative ion?
Why do atoms form ions?
To achieve a full outer electron shell and become more stable.
What happens to the charge when an atom loses electrons?
It becomes positive.
What happens to the charge when an atom gains electrons?
It becomes negative.
What charge do Group 1 metals form?
+1.
What charge do Group 2 metals form?
+2.
What charge do Group 3 metals form?
+3.
What charge do Group 5 non
metals form?
What charge do Group 6 non
metals form?
What charge do Group 7 non
metals form?
What is the charge of a silver ion?
Ag+.
What is the charge of a copper ion?
Cu2+.
What is the charge of an iron(II) ion?
Fe2+.
What is the charge of an iron(III) ion?
Fe3+.
What is the charge of a lead ion?
Pb2+.
What is the charge of a zinc ion?
Zn2+.
What is the charge of a hydrogen ion?
H+.
What is the charge of a hydroxide ion?
OH
What is the charge of an ammonium ion?
NH4+.
What is the charge of a carbonate ion?
CO3 2
What is the charge of a nitrate ion?
NO3
What is the charge of a sulfate ion?
SO4 2
What must the total charge of an ionic compound be?
Zero; the positive and negative charges must balance.
What is the formula of sodium chloride?
NaCl.
What is the formula of magnesium chloride?
MgCl2.
What is the formula of aluminium oxide?
Al2O3.
What is the formula of calcium nitrate?
Ca(NO3)2.
What is the formula of aluminium sulfate?
Al2(SO4)3.
What do brackets mean in an ionic formula?
They show that a whole polyatomic ion is repeated.
What does a dot
and
What do dots and crosses represent in a dot
and
What do square brackets show in an ionic dot
and
What charge is written outside the brackets in a dot
and
What happens when sodium and chlorine form sodium chloride?
Sodium transfers one electron to chlorine, forming Na+ and Cl
What happens when magnesium and oxygen form magnesium oxide?
Magnesium transfers two electrons to oxygen, forming Mg2+ and O2
What is ionic bonding?
The strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
What is a giant ionic lattice?
A regular, repeating three
Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?
Strong electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions require a lot of energy to overcome.
Why can ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten?
Their ions are free to move and carry electrical charge.
Why can ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water?
Their ions are free to move and carry electrical charge.