Exam 4 Comprehensive Nursing Review: Sensory, Cognition, Perfusion, Teaching & Learning, and Inflammation

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering Sensory Perception, Eye/Ear Anatomy, Neurological Cognition, Perfusion, Patient Education & Adult Learning Theories, and Inflammation from Exam 4 notes.

Sensory Perception

The ability to receive sensory input and, through various physiological processes in the body, translate the stimulus or data into meaningful information.

Sclera

The white of the eyeball that covers the outside and protects the eye from injury.

Cornea

The transparent outer structure of the internal eye that protects the eye and helps it to focus.

Retina

The innermost layer of the eye that detects light and converts it into an electrical signal sent to the brain to produce vision.

Middle Ear

The portion of the ear that equalizes air pressure on both sides of the eardrum and contains the Eustachian tube, which opens to allow airflow during chewing and swallowing.

Cochlea

A structure within the inner ear that helps control balance.

Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory Nerve)

The sensory nerve responsible for the sense of smell; assessed by asking the patient to identify distinct aromas such as coffee or vanilla.

Cranial Nerve II (Optic Nerve)

The sensory nerve responsible for visual acuity; assessed using a Snellen chart or having the patient read printed material while wearing glasses.

Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve)

The cranial nerve responsible for hearing; assessed by evaluating the patient's ability to hear spoken words.

Romberg Test

A physical assessment of balance and proprioception where the patient stands upright and closes their eyes to determine if balance can be maintained.

Presbycusis

Normal advanced-age hearing loss characterized specifically by the loss of high-frequency and high-pitched sounds, such as a telephone ringing or a microwave beeping.

Otitis Media

Inflammation of the middle ear.

Nasal Polyps

Noncancerous growths causing inflammation of the mucosal lining of the nose and nasal passages.

Meniere's Disease

A sensory ear disorder characterized by hearing loss accompanied by ringing (tinnitus) and a sensation of ear fullness or congestion in the affected ear.

Myringotomy

A surgical incision made into the eardrum to relieve pressure, allow drainage, and facilitate the placement of ear tubes.

Cognition

The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experiences, and senses.

Cerebrum

The largest unit of the brain that controls speech, thought, emotions, reading, and learning.

Diencephalon

The deep unit of the brain that relays sensory information between brain regions.

Cerebellum

The brain structure that coordinates and regulates a wide range of functions and motor processes in the brain and body.

Delirium

An acute, reversible state of confusion and altered level of consciousness that is worse at night (sundowning) and represents the most common surgical complication among older adults (occurring in nearly $30\%$ of hospitalized older adults).

Dementia

A chronic neurocognitive disorder that develops slowly over months to years; primary dementia is irreversible, and approximately $65\%$ of cases are classified as Alzheimer's disease.

Perfusion

The continuous flow of blood through arteries and capillaries delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells throughout the body.

Stroke Volume (SV)

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat ($\text{SV} = \text{Left Ventricular EDV} - \text{Left Ventricular ESV}$).

Cardiac Output (CO)

The product of stroke volume and heart rate ($\text{CO} = \text{SV} \times \text{HR}$), measuring the volume of blood pumped per minute.

Preload

The amount of myocardial stretch at the end of diastole, determined by ventricular blood filling volume.

Afterload

The amount of vascular resistance the ventricles must overcome to open the semilunar valves and pump blood into the systemic circulation.

Contractility

The intrinsic mechanical force generated by the contracting myocardium, independent of preload or afterload.

5-Lead Telemetry Placement

Electrode arrangement system following mnemonics: RA is white ('white on right'), LA is black ('smoke over fire'), LL is red ('fire on bottom left'), RL is green ('green goes last' / 'clouds over grass'), and V1 is brown ('poop comes from the tummy' in the center).

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

A blood clot formed within one or more deep veins (typically in the legs) presenting with unilateral leg swelling, pitting edema, calf cramping, increased calf circumference, and warmth, carrying the danger of pulmonary embolism.

Troponins

Myocardial muscle proteins released exclusively following myocardial injury that become elevated earlier and remain elevated longer than CK-MB.

Creatine Kinase (CK)

An intracellular enzyme existing in three distinct isoenzymes: CK-MB in myocardial tissue, CK-MM in skeletal muscle, and CK-BB in brain tissue.

Myoglobin

An oxygen-binding heme protein located in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue whose elevated serum level serves as an early indicator of muscle damage.

Teaching

A deliberate system of goal-directed activities designed to facilitate learning and promote positive behavioral change.

Learning

A persistent change in human disposition or capability that is demonstrated through a measurable change in behavior.

Cognitive Domain

The learning domain centered around intellectual operations, knowledge acquisition, and thought processing, such as explaining a disease mechanism.

Psychomotor Domain

The learning domain centered on manual tasks, motor skill execution, and hands-on performance, such as a patient self-administering insulin.

Affective Domain

The learning domain involving emotions, attitudes, internal beliefs, values, and feelings regarding health management.

Pedagogy

The art and science of teaching children, characterized by dependent learning and external motivators like rewards or penalties.

Andragogy

The art and science of teaching adults (developed by Malcolm Knowles), characterized by self-direction, independence, self-motivation, and leveraging past life experiences.

Geragogy

The instructional approach tailored to older adults that accommodates age-related physical limitations, sensory deficits, and altered processing speeds.

Bloom's Taxonomy

A hierarchical framework ordering cognitive domain processes from base to apex: Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analysing, Evaluating, and Creating.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A humanistic model used to prioritize patient teaching and clinical needs, ascending through Physiological, Safety and Security, Love and Belonging, Self-Esteem, and Self-Actualization.

T.E.A.C.H. Acronym

A nursing mnemonic for patient education: T = Tune into the client, E = Edit patient information, A = Act on every teaching moment, C = Clarify often, H = Honor the client as a partner in the education process.

Teaching and Learning Process

A cyclical nursing workflow consisting of: Assess Learning Needs/Readiness, Diagnose the Patient's Learning Needs, Develop Learning Outcomes, Develop a Teaching Plan, Implement Teaching Plan and Strategies, and Evaluate Learning.

Inflammation

A normal, nonspecific immunologic defense response against tissue injury, infection, or allergy that serves to contain injury, neutralize invaders, and stimulate healing.

Phagocytosis

The protective cellular mechanism by which specialized leukocytes engulf, digest, and neutralize invading microorganisms and cellular debris.

Neutrophils

The primary white blood cell line to arrive at the site of acute inflammation ($60\text{--}70\%$ of total WBCs); elevated levels signify an acute bacterial infection.

Serous Exudate

A clear, watery drainage occurring in early or mild inflammatory reactions.

Purulent Exudate

A thick, opaque drainage that is yellow or green in appearance, consisting of dead leukocytes, liquefied tissue debris, and bacteria (pus).

Sanguineous Exudate

A bloody inflammatory drainage indicating capillary damage and red blood cell leakage.

Serosanguinous Exudate

A light pink, thin inflammatory drainage containing a mixture of clear serum and red blood cells.

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

An inexpensive, non-invasive diagnostic blood test that measures how quickly red blood cells settle at the bottom of a tube; a faster settling rate indicates systemic inflammation.

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

An acute-phase reactant protein synthesized by the liver in response to inflammatory cytokines; normal range is $0.8\text{--}1.0\,mg/dL$ or lower ($0.3\,mg/dL$ in a healthy adult).

MyPlate

A nutritional guide visual illustrating the five core food groups needed for balanced health and tissue healing: Fruits, Vegetables, Grains, Protein, and Dairy.