Physical States + Colligative Properties

Molarity Formula

Moles of solute/liters of solution = M

molality Formula

moles of solute/kg of solvent = m

Bragg's Equation

λ=2dsinθ/n

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

ln(p1/p2)=(-ΔHvap/R)(1/T2-1/T1)

Le Chatelier's Principle

States that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts in the direction that relieves the stress.

Heat Energy Formula

Heat Energy [J] = Molar Heat [J/mol]xn[mol]

Percent By Mass Formula

(mass of solute/mass of solution)x100

Normality Formula

N = Mxn ; for acids n = # of H+ ; for bases n = # of OH-

Enthalpy Formula

ΔH(solution)= ΔH1 + ΔH2

Solubility of Gases Formula

S (or C or M) = KP(gas)

Raoult's Law Formula

Psoln=XaPa + XbPb ; x=mole fraction of solvent

Vapor Pressure of Solvent Formula

P(solvent)=X(solvent)P(solvent)

Freezing-Point Depression Formula

ΔTf = (Kf)(m)(i)

Boiling-Point Elevation Formula

ΔTb = (Kb)(m)(i)

Osmotic Pressure Formula

π = MRTi

Surface Tension

Molecules work to have the smallest surface area possible

Capillarity

Liquid is elevated or depressed based on attraction (strong adhesion = elevated ; strong cohesion = depressed)

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Viscosity

A liquid's resistance to flowing (High resistance = high viscosity)

Diffraction

Occurs when an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it

Interference

the combination of two or more waves that results in a single wave

Destructive Interference

The interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a smaller amplitude

Constructive Interference

The interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with a larger amplitude

Volatile

Liquids with high vapor pressure

Tyndall effect

Scattering of a light beam as it passes through a colloid/Suspension

Colloid

A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out.

Suspension

A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration

Miscible

Describes two liquids that are soluble in each other

Immiscible

liquids that are not soluble in each other

Dilution Formula

M1V1=M2V2

Mole Fraction Formula

moles of component/total moles of solution

Effervescence

state of high spirits or liveliness; process of bubbling as gas escapes

Electrolytes

Substances that when dissolved have freely moving ions