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Limit State
Ceasing satisfactory performance
HL-93
Theoretical vehicular loading
Permanent Loads
varying only over a long time interval
Transient Loads
short time interval
Limit State
bridge or component ceases
Service Limit State
restrictions on stress, deformation, etc.
Fatigue and Fracture Limit State
restrictions on stress range
Strength Limit State
ensure that strength and stability are provided to resist the specified statically
Extreme Event Limit State
ensure the structural survival of bridge
Serviceability
includes many different criteria, such as durability, maintenability, rideability and deformations.