BJU Cultural Geography Chapter 1 and 2

Creation Mandate

God's command in Genesis 1:28 to manage the earth wisely, and to use it for God's glory and man's benefit.

What are the five themes of geography

Location, Place, Human-Environment Interaction, Movement, Region

Location

absolute or relative to one's environment

Movement

of people, goods, ideas, diseases, etc.

Place

physical characteristics, mountains, soils, rivers, and plant and animal life

Human-environment interaction

how people adapt to and modify their environment

Region

defined by formal boundaries or functions

Prime Meridian

designated at 0° longitude, which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, separates the world into East and West

Equator

0 degrees latitude that separates the world into North and South

Mercator's projection

is popular but is distorted cylindrical projection

Goode's projection

it has gaps and cuts

Robinson's projection

is the most popular for textbooks

Geography

earth and written description

GIS

geographic information system technology (collected by people)

What is found on a map legend?

The legend is the key on the map that includes point, line, and area symbols

Scale

the distance on the map

Relief map

Shows how high or low each feature is on earth

Contour lines

lines of different colors that show different altitudes

Gores

Twelve paper strips that cover a typical globe

Cartographer

map maker

Thematic map

record information about a region or nation's climate, population or resources

GPS

global positioning system

Culture

the system of customs and traditions, and habits that a group of people use to make something of their world

Multiculturalism

the idea that all cultures are equal

What two categories define culture?

Structure and Direction

Social groups

a grouping of people who share common characteristics

Institutions

Elements of culture that develop around rules, design, and structure

Atmosphere

the air covering the planet

Lithosphere

the crust and upper mantle that moves with the tectonic plates

Hydrosphere

all the water on the surface, below ground, and in the air

Biosphere

where life can exist

Crust

the thin outer layer of the earth (includes the ocean)

What are the parts of the earth?

crust, upper mantle, mantle, outer core, inner core

Plate tectonics theory

the plates crash into and pull apart from one another, releasing energy from the earth's interior and causing earthquakes and volcanoes

Continental dift

because of plate tectonics continents move

Faults

deep cracks in the earth's surface where two pieces of land have moved in different directions

strike-slip fault

normal fault

land folds

Another result of plate tectonics

Arcchipelago

many islands

What happens as plates move over hotspots?

when plates move over hotspots islands are formed

Weathering

when the environment breaks rocks into smaller pieces, this is critical to life on the earth because it enriches the nutrients

Erosion

the wearing away of rocks AND transporting sediments

Glaciation

when glaciers shrink and sweep away material which creates sharp valleys called fjords

What is the most effective type of erosion?

Running water

What is the highest mountain range in the world?

the Himalayas

Subduction

tectonic plate process when one giant piece of Earth's crust slides under another and sinks into the hot planet (forms folds in the earth)

Plains

wide areas of flat land which is best for farming

Plateaus

flat land that rises up and varies in surfaces

piedmont

plateau near water

Continental

plateau that is just land

Intermountain

plateau between or next to mountains

Atoll

a ring of low coral islands and reefs surrounding a central lagoon

Delta

where the river ends

Divide

Land that separates river systems

Dune

A hill or ridge resulting from wind deposited sand and soil

Isthmus

a strip of land with water on two sides connecting two larger areas to each other

Mesa

like a table, flat hill with steep sides

Oasis

an area of land in a desert where water and plants are found

What percent of earth's water is fresh?

less than 3 percent

What are the four ocean basins? What is the whole system called?

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic and the whole system is called world ocean

Tributaries

rivers that feed other rivers

River system

the main river and all its tributaries

Drainage basin

where the river starts, it drains the rainwater into the river and tributaries

How do you compare rivers?

Discharge, how much water goes by, size of the drainage basin, and navigability

Lakes

bodies of water fully enclosed by land

What are the largest sytem of freshwater lakes in the world?

the Great Lakes of North America are the largest system of freshwater lakes in the world

Which freshwater lake is the deepest?

Lake Baikal in Asia is the deepest and largest freshwater lake by volume

Which freshwater lake is the largest

The Caspian Sea in Asia is the world's largest lake by area and volume

What is the saltiest lake in the world

the Dead Sea which is 37% salt

Seas

arms of the ocean partially enclosed by land

harbor

A sheltered body of deep water next to the shore

Primary industries

the most basic industries that deal with natural resources

Secondary Industries

the use of raw materials to produce something new like clothes, or yarn

Tertiary Industries

industry that provides services, like waiters, policemen, doctors, computer programers, etc.

Industry

used to describe people's hardwork to make a living

subsistence farmers

farmers who produce only enough food to meet their own and their household needs

What do most cities depend on for their produce?

Most cities depend on commercial farms for their fresh produce

Where is Nomadic herding common?

Nomadic herding is common in rugged mountains and dry area where regular farmindg is diffucult

Who developed ranching?

Europeans developed ranching for their herds and flocks

What are the methods of fishing?

Capture and Aquaculture

What has farm surpassed forestry, fishing, and agriculture in economic importance?

Mining has far surpassed forestry, fishing, and agriculture in economic importance

What are the three types of resources from mining?

metals, nonmetal minerals, and fossil fuels

What are the four properties of metals

luster, malleable, ductile, and conductive

what are the main types of fossil and hydrocarbon fuels?

coal, petroleum, and natural gas

What are the three types of metals?

precious metals, common metals, and alloys

What are the most important metals?

Coper, lead, and iron

What are the main types of nonmetal minerals?

Limestone, sulfur, clay, sand, granite, marble, slate, and sandstone

Convection

the heat transfer that occurs when particles carry thermal energy as they move from one place to another