Public Health Unit 3(Final) PCC SU26

This set is for Nightingale taught public health and is from SU26 term!

Identify the US governmental agency responsible for collecting, analyzing, and sharing behavioral health data

SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration)

Describe alcohol use trends in the US

Lifetime use- 85.0% of people 18 and older

Past year use- 66.5% of people 18 and older

past month use- 50.6% of people 18 and older

Define moderate, binge, and heavy alcohol use patterns

moderate- 1-2 drinks per day

heavy- 8-15 drinks in a week

binge- 4-5 drinks on one occassion

What constitutes a serving size of alcohol?

beer- 12oz

malt liquor- 8-9oz

table wine-5oz

fortified wine- 3.5oz

apertif, cordial, or liqueur- 2.5oz

brandy- 1.5oz

spirits- 1.5oz

Describe the short- and long-term health risks associated with alcohol use and misuse

short term: injuries(falls, crashes, burns), violence(homicide, su!cide, sex violence), alcohol poisoning, STIs or unplanned pregnancy, and pregnancy complications

Long term: Chronic diseases(hBP, heart disease, stroke, liver disease, GI problems), Cancer, weakened immune system, impaired cognitive function, mental health, social impact, alcohol use disorder

Interpret an AUDIT score

0-7: low risk

8-15: at risk

16-19: high risk

20-40: possible alcohol use disorder

What are examples of polysubstance abuse?

mixing alcohol and caffeine, alcohol and opioid use simultaneously

What public health strategies have been implemented to prevent alcohol- related harms?

limit laws, limit access, raising the price, universally implement and enforce proven alcohol policies

What are some cultural considerations for alcohol consumption?

Religion(some prohibit/discourage alcohol use), access, stigma, and social context

Recognize global and domestic trends in tobacco use

US: cigarette smoking is on decline; e-cigarette usage in youth is also declining

80% of the world’s tobacco users live in low- and middle-income classes

Understand the impact of tobacco use on health

-increased risk of cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, Type 2 diabetes, and COPD

What are the health impacts of secondhand smoke, smokeless tobacco, and vaping?

Secondhand: increase risk of SIDS, asthma attacks, increase risk of acute respiratory infections and ear infections, 20-30% increased risk of heart disease and stroke

Smokeless tobacco: addiction, increase pregnancy complications, nicotine poisoning, increased risk of death from heart disease and smoke, cancer of mouth, esophagus and pancreas

Vaping: poisoning, acute nicotine exposure(toxic), cancer?

What public health strategies have been implemented to decrease tobacco

 use?

-increasing cost of tobacco products

-prohibiting indoor smoking in public and workplaces

-raising minimum age of sale to 21

-counter tobacco product ads

-community programs, school, and college policies that encourage tobacco-free places and lifestyles

-community programs that limit advertising and make it hard to access tobacco products

What are the benefits of smoking cessation?

-reduces risk of CVD and death from CVD

-reduces inflammatory markers and hypercoagulability

-improves HDL-C levels

-reduces altherosclerosis and slows progression

-reduces risk of CHD

-reduces risk of disease and death from stroke

-reduces risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm

-may reduce risk of AFib, sudden cardiac death, heart failure, venous thromboembolism and peripheral artery disease

What are the MPOWER measures?

Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies

Protect people from tobacco use

Offer help to quit tobacco use

Warn about the dangers of tobacco use

Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship

Raise taxes on tobacco

Know the Iowa quit line phone number.

1-800-QUIT-NOW(784-8669)

Which HP2030 targets are met or exceeded regarding tobacco usage?

-increased abstinence from smoking among pregnant women

-increased number of states where 21 is the minimum age to buy tobacco

-reduced cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use in adolescents

What diet is recommended during pregnancy?

Anti-inflammatory diet (whole foods, limiting added sugars and saturated fats, lean protein, omega 3s, and limiting packaged foods)

Explain why adequate folic acid is important for fetal development.

helps to prevent neural tube defects and supports cell growth

What groups are at risk for folate insufficiency?

People with alcohol use disorder, women/people of childbearing age, pregnant people, people with Celiac and IBD, and people with MTHFR polymorphism

Identify major causes of pregnancy-related deaths in the U.S.

Infection, mental health conditions, cardiovascular conditions, hemorrhage, embolism, and amniotic fluid embolism

Describe trends in maternal and infant mortality in the U.S.

highest infant mortality rates are in non-hispanic black individuals and lowest in non-hispanic asian individuals

Explain why screening for substance use is important during pregnancy.

helps identify potential risks to maternal and infant health (low birth weight and preterm birth)

Identify healthy weight-management strategies during pregnancy.

staying within caloric targets, working with provider to track pregnancy weight gain, eating a whole food diet, limiting added sugars and saturated fats, and achieving minimum recommended amount of physical activity for adults

Identify areas in the U.S. with limited access to midwife-assisted birth.

The midwest and deep south

Why are vitamin K shots recommended at birth?

to help prevent Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding in newborns (not born with sufficent amounts of vitamin k and compilactions of VKDB include brain hemorrhage)

Explain why understanding developmental milestones is important

“checkpoints” to monitor growth and development and help identify potential delays

Describe trends in meeting HP2030 objectives to address injury and violence prevention

-reduce rate of minors and young adults committing violent crimes

-reduce physical fighting among adolescents

-reduce gun carrying among adolescents

-reduce nonfatal child abuse and neglect

-reduce work-related assaults

Define “ACEs” and provide examples

potentially traumatic events, circumstances, and situations experienced in childhood

EX: abuse, wittnessing violence in home, experiencing instability due to parental seperation, divorce, incarceration or housing and food insecurity

Define su!cide as a public health problem

Su!cide is a public health problem due to its lasting effects on individuals, families and communities

Describe risk factors and protective factors that buffer su!cide risk

-effective coping and problem-solving skills

-reasons for living

-strong sense of cultural identiy

-support from partners, friends and family

-feeling connected to others

-feeling connected to school, community and other social institutions

-availabilty of consistent and high quality physical and behavioral healthcare

-reduced access to lethal means of su!cide

-cultural, religious or moral objections to suicide

Describe safety practices that minimize the likelihood of firearm injury

storing firearms unloaded and locked with ammunition stored seperately and secured

Define intimate partner violence (IPV) as a public health problem

abuse or aggression that occurs in a romantic relationship and can range from one-time to a chronic pattern of violence

Describe IPV risk factors

-low self-esteem

-young age, anger, and hostility

-antisocial personality traits

-heavy alcohol and drug use

-history of being physically abusive

-desire for power and control in relationships

-emotional dependence and insecurity

Define sexual violence as a public health problem

sexual activity when consent is not obtained or freely given

effects lifelong health, opportunity and well-being

Know how to access mandatory reporting information for Iowa and Illinois

reporting information can be found at the Iowa department of health and human services website

Illinois department of children and family services(childabuse.illinois.gov)

Describe ways to prevent drowning

learn basic swimming and water safety skills

build fences that fully enclose pools

supervise swimmers closely

wear a life jacket

learn CPR

know the risks of natural waters

avoid alcohol and other mind-altering substances

use the buddy system/swim with friends

Identify the governmental organizations that contribute to upholding and protecting environmental health

Environmental Protection agency(EPA)

National Institute of Environmental Health Services

National Toxicology Program

State/local agencies

describe examples of environmental health inequalities

air pollution, unsafe drinking water, extreme heat, poor housing, noise pollution, limited green space, occupational exposures, climate change

Identify the EPA’s criteria air pollutants

Particulate matter, photochemical oxidants, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead

Identify the health risks of exposure to environmental pollutants (air pollutants, radon, lead, etc.)

Cancer, Cardiovascular disease, respiratory diseases, slowed growth, lower IQ, learning difficulties, anemia, reproductive problems, reduced kidney function

Describe solid waste trends in the United States

majority of solid waste is paper and paperboard products with majority going to the landfill

Describe strategies to divert solid waste from landfills

recycling products like paper and paperboard, glass, metals, rubber, plastics, wood, leather, and textiles

composting products like food and yard trimmings

Describe the steps in wastewater treatment (preliminary, primary, secondary, tertiary)

preliminary: remove large objects via filtration

primary: decanter centrifuges and coagulates to remove suspended solids and organic matter

secondary: employs bacteria to consume organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus

tertiary: chemical disinfection or filtration to raise water quality for environmental return

Describe strategies to help patients avoid exposures to toxins

test for lead and radon in living environment

install carbon monoxide and smoke detectors and regularly test them

stay informed of boil orders and observe them

be aware of air qualtiy index for those at risk of harm due to poor air quaility

Describe how environmental health initiatives and pollution reduction improve individual and population health

lower risk of disease by improving water and air quality, reducing toxin exposure and supporting healthy ecosystems

Define musculoskeletal pain and disorders.

pain that affects bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, or muscles

leading contributor to disability worldwide

disorders include:

-neck and low back pain, arthritis, occupational injuries, inflammatory diseases, regional and widespread pain disorders (Does not include disorders caused by slips, trips, falls, or similar incidents)

Describe the prevalence and impact of low back pain.

can be experienced at any age

highest number of cases found in the 50-55 age range

more prevalent in women

leading cause of disability in US and worldwide

Non-specific LBP is most common

Classify low back pain as acute, subacute, or chronic.

acute= < 6 weeks

subacute= 6-12 weeks

chronic= > 12 weeks

Identify common work-related musculoskeletal disorders and their risk factors.

carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis, rotator cuff injuries, epicondylitis, trigger finger, ligament sprains, ligament tears, muscle/tendon strains, muscle/tendon tears, low back pain, and hernia

Identify populations most affected by musculoskeletal disorders.

nurses, firefighters, laborers, janitors, tractor-trailer drivers, refuse collectors, stock clerks, maids/cleaners, delivery service drivers, telle-com installers, bus drivers, production workers, police officers, HVAC workers, plumber, pipefitters, and maintenance/ repair workers

Explain the roles of OSHA and NIOSH in protecting worker health.

OSHA: banch of US DEpt. of Labor; ensures healthy and safe working conditions by enforcing standards and providing training, outreach and education

NIOSH: research agency of CDC focusing on study of worker safety and health

Describe principles of good ergonomics.

minimize the risks by being aware of your posture and movements

stand upright and maintain healthy posture

position work surface at a comfortable height

be careful with back when carrying tools/boxes

limit biomechanical risks(extremely bad posture, vibrations, repetitive movements and excessive strain)

Identify evidence-based strategies for managing musculoskeletal pain.

exercise therapy, exercise and education, self-management, advice to remain active, addressing psychosocial factors, reassurance and encouragement

Explain the importance of prevention and the chiropractor's role in managing musculoskeletal health.

It is recommended by the ACP that chiropractic should be the first line of approach for managing musculoskeletal health

what are the cardiovascular health risks from tobacco use

Atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, increased risk of stroke, peripheral arterial disease, increased likelihood of developing an abdominal aortic aneurysm, raise triglycerides, lower HDL, increase clotting, increase plaque in blood vessels, thickening and narrowing of vessels

Explain the HOPE framework

Relationships: safe and supportive with family, friends, and neighbors

Environment: safe, equitable, stable places to live, learn and play

Engagement: opportunities for social and civil engagement foster connection

Emotional growth: learning how to metabolize stress and communicate feeling and emotions

Describe IPV protective factors

-strong social support networks and stable positive relationships with others

-neighborhood collective efficacy, -coordination of resources and services among community agencies

-communities with access to safe, stable housing, medical and mental health services and access to economic and financial help

Describe IPV prevention strategies

-teach safe and healthy relationship skills

-engage influential adults and peers

-disrupt the developmental pathways toward partner violence

-create protective environments

-strengthen economic support for families

-support survivors to increase safety and lessen harms

Define child abuse as a public health problem

Includes physical, sexual, emotional abuse and neglect, CDC estimates 1 in 7 children experience abuse or neglect

Define elder abuse as a public health problem

an intentional act or failure to act that causes or creates risk of harm to an older adult

Describe ways to promote transportation safety

properly secure child passengers

don’t drive impaired

don’t text and drive

share the road with motorcycles and bicycles

wear a helmet

fasten your seatbelt

put down your phone/minimize distractions

stay alert for pedestrians

follow traffic safety laws

make sure teens and older adults are staying safe on the road