PROF ED (PEOPLE)

Curriculum should begin with clear objectives and then select learning experiences, organize them, and evaluate them.

Ralph Tyler

Grassroots approach; teachers play an important role in developing curriculum.

Hilda Taba

Developed the CIPP Model: Context, Input, Process, Product

Daniel Stufflebeam

Associated with the Responsive Evaluation Model, focusing on concerns and experiences of stakeholders

Stake

Curriculum/knowledge organized around meaning and forms of human understanding

Philip Phenix

Associated with curriculum as organized subject matter/content.

Arthur Bestor

Famous for the Project Method, emphasizing purposeful activity and learning through projectS

William Kilpatrick

Curriculum associated with social problems and social reconstruction

Harold Rugg

Learning through trial and error; Law of Effect—behaviors followed by satisfying results are more likely repeated

Edward Thorndike

Multiple Intelligences—people have different kinds of intelligence

Howard Gardner

Learning develops through social interaction and culture. Associated with ZPD and scaffolding

Lev Vygotsky

Cognitive Development Theory—children develop thinking abilities in stages

Jean Piaget

Learning by doing; education should be connected to real-life experiences.

John Dewey

Psychoanalytic theory; personality involves id, ego, and superego

Sigmund Freud

Filipino poet and author of Florante at Laura

Francisco Baltazar (Balagtas)

Education should develop the head, heart, and hands; emphasized learning through experience

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi

Discovery learning; learners actively discover concepts. Also associated with spiral curriculum

Jerome Bruner

Social Learning/Social Cognitive Theory; people learn through observation and modeling.

Albert Bandura

Moral Development Theory; development of moral reasoning through stages

Lawrence Kohlberg

Hierarchy of Needs; basic needs should be addressed before higher-level needs.

Abraham Maslow

Tabula rasa—the mind begins like a blank slate; experience influences learning

John Locke

Founder of the kindergarten; emphasized play and activities in early childhood

Friedrich Froebel

Conditions of Learning; identified different types/events involved in effective instruction

Robert Gagné

Psychosocial Development Theory; development occurs through stages involving social and emotional challenges

Erik Erikson

Operant conditioning; behavior is shaped by reinforcement and consequences

B.F. Skinner