Universal and Argentine History (1810-1848): Revolutions, Independence, and State Formation

Vocabulary practice flashcards defining key historical terms, treaties, figures, and concepts from the European Revolutions (1820-1848) and Argentine Political History (1810-1829).

Congreso de Viena (1814-1815)

A diplomatic conference organized by victorious absolutist powers after Napoleon's defeat to restore monarchical absolutism and redraw the continental map based on the principles of legitimacy and balance of power.

Carta Constitucional (France)

A constitutional charter granted by King Luis XVIII that retained executive authority in the monarch, established a legislative body, and preserved revolutionary principles such as equality before the law under the Napoleonic Code.

Ultrarrealistas

A French political faction during the Restoration that strictly defended monarchical absolutism and the authority of the Catholic Church.

Carlos X

Conservative and intolerant French monarch (1824-1830) who succeeded Luis XVIII and provoked widespread popular discontent by attempting to re-establish rigid absolutism.

Reforma Electoral de 1832

British parliamentary act that doubled the electorate and granted direct representation to large industrial cities that previously lacked seats in Parliament.

Movimiento Cartista (Chartism)

British working-class political movement founded in 1836 that presented the People's Charter (Carta del Pueblo) demanding universal and secret male suffrage.

Carbonarios

A prominent liberal secret society operating in the Mediterranean region that organized conspiratorial uprisings during the 1820 revolutionary wave.

Cien Mil Hijos de San Luis

The French expeditionary army sent by European powers into Spain to crush the liberal revolt and restore King Fernando VII to absolute rule.

Tres Jornadas Gloriosas (July 1830)

The three-day revolutionary uprising in Paris in July 1830 where workers and bourgeoisie erected barricades against Carlos X's decrees, forcing him to flee.

Luis Felipe de Orleans

Monarch installed as the 'king of the barricades' following the French Revolution of 1830, establishing a constitutional monarchy until his overthrow in 1848.

Primavera de los Pueblos (1848)

The widespread and intense 1848 European revolutionary wave that mobilized urban laborers alongside the bourgeoisie, combining Liberalism, Nationalism, and Socialism.

Parlamento de Fráncfort

German national assembly convened during the 1848 revolution to achieve national unification, which ultimately failed when the King of Prussia refused the imperial crown.

Primera Junta (1810)

The initial revolutionary government of the Provincias Unidas (May to December 1810) composed of 9 members, presided over by Cornelio Saavedra, which established the newspaper La Gaceta de Buenos Ayres and deployed military expeditions.

Junta Grande (1810-1811)

A 22-member governing body created by integrating provincial deputies into the Primera Junta, which established the Juntas Provinciales and laid early roots for provincial autonomy.

Primer y Segundo Triunvirato

Executive bodies composed of three individuals established between 1811 and 1813 to streamline political decision-making and wartime military command.

Asamblea del Año XIII

A sovereign assembly (1813-1815) that approved national patriotic symbols, minted the first national coin, abolished titles of nobility and judicial torture, enacted the freedom of wombs (libertad de vientres), and created the Directorio.

El Directorio (1814-1820)

A centralized, single-person executive governing body headed by a Director Supremo from 1814 until its dissolution in 1820.

Unitarios

A political faction representing Buenos Aires merchant and intellectual elites that advocated for a strong centralized government, port-based free trade, and provincial subordination.

Federales

A provincial and popular political movement that emerged in opposition to Buenos Aires centralism, demanding provincial autonomy, decentralized administration, and a confederation.

Liga de los Pueblos Libres

A regional confederation formed in 1815 under the leadership of José Gervasio Artigas, encompassing Banda Oriental, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, Corrientes, Misiones, and Córdoba.

Constitución de 1819

A centralist, elitist, and aristocratic constitution that empowered the Director Supremo to designate provincial governors, provoking unanimous rebellion among the interior provinces.

Batalla de Cepeda (1820)

A swift military confrontation on February 1, 1820, dubbed the 'Batalla del minuto,' in which federal caudillos López and Ramírez defeated Director Supremo Rondeau, ending national central authority.

Tratado del Pilar (1820)

A pact signed in February 1820 by Manuel de Sarratea, Estanislao López, and Francisco Ramírez that proclaimed federalism as the political organization system and called for a congress in San Lorenzo.

Pacto de Benegas (1820)

A peace agreement signed in November 1820 between Martín Rodríguez and Estanislao López, ending hostilities with Buenos Aires agreeing to deliver 25,000 cattle to Santa Fe as war indemnification.

Tratado del Cuadrilátero (1822)

A four-party defensive treaty of peace and neutrality signed in January 1822 by Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, and Corrientes that set the stage for the Congress of 1824.

La Feliz Experiencia (1820-1824)

A term coined by Juan Gregorio de Las Heras to characterize the period of peace, institutional stability, and cattle-exporting prosperity enjoyed by Buenos Aires under Governor Martín Rodríguez and Minister Bernardino Rivadavia.

Ley de Enfiteusis (1822)

A land law that prohibited selling Buenos Aires public lands due to their use as loan collateral, leasing them long-term for low rents and resulting in the formation of large land holdings (latifundios).

Empréstito Baring Brothers (1824)

A loan of 1,000,000 pounds sterling secured by Bernardino Rivadavia from a British firm to finance infrastructure projects, initiating Argentina's foreign debt.

Treinta y Tres Orientales

An expeditionary band led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja in April 1825 that landed to liberate the Banda Oriental from Portuguese-Brazilian occupation, sparking the Cisplatine War.

Batalla de Ituzaingó (1827)

A significant Argentine land victory against Brazilian imperial forces during the war over the Banda Oriental.

Manuel Dorrego

Federal governor of Buenos Aires who finalized the 1828 peace treaty recognizing the independence of Uruguay, and who was subsequently overthrown and executed without trial by Juan Lavalle at Navarro.

Pacto de Barracas (1829)

An agreement reached following the federal victory at Puente de Márquez that designated Juan José Viamonte as interim governor of Buenos Aires.

Juan Manuel de Rosas

Federal leader who led the rural uprising following Dorrego's death, defeated Lavalle, and was officially elected governor of Buenos Aires Province in December 1829.