Sociology of murder exam 2

Domestic homicides, especially intimate homicides, has what over the past 20 years

declined

Domestic homicides is significantly more common in what country than Canada, England, France, and other industrialized countries

the US

What percent of domestic homicides involve intimates

52.4%

True or false: a little over half of intimate homicides involve current or former spouses as opposed to current boyfriends or girlfriends

True

Laura’s Law

requires police to screen domestic abuse cases and assess the risk of homicide.

True or false: Domestic violence only occurs for heterosexual couples

False

Which community has much higher rates of domestic violence

Same-sex and bisexual couples

True or false: The LGBTQ community report higher lifetime prevalence rates of violence than heterosexual people

True

Most instances of homicide in intimate relationships are more likely to represent what

an expression of power or a defensive response

Intimate partner violence

Committed by a spouse, ex-spouse, or current boyfriend or girlfriend.

True or false: Both men and women can be victims of intimate partner violence

True

Which sex is more likely to suffer physical injuries

Women

For intimate homicides, murder is not

spontaneous, it is a culmination of consistent, growing violence in the relationship

Why might a woman remain in an abusive relationship

they fear the consequences of leaving, emotion and financial dependency, belief that staying is better for the children, believing their partner will get better, and fear of retaliation.

True or false: there is little scientific support for learned helplessness in most humans

True

Abandonment rage

A move to terminate or flee the relationship becomes the innocent catalyst for murder.

Leaving an abusive relationship is

one of the most dangerous things a battered woman can do

Lethal violence in an intimate relationship is usually

the offensive climax to escalating abuse

When women are the perps in intimate partner homicide

it is usually as a response to intimidation, threats, and abuse

A gun in the home

increases the likelihood of domestic homicide

In IPH, women are killed how many more times by a gun than men

2 times

In Intimate partner homicides, males are

overwhelmingly the perps.

When women kill their victim is more likely to be

an intimate

True or false: Women are more likely to be killed by their male partners than men are by their women partners

True

Power and Control Wheel

Depicts the primary abusive behaviors experienced by women living with men who batter.

What are the most apparent forms of domestic violence

Physical and sexual assaults

What is the problem with stating the decline in IPH is due to changes in living arrangements

Marriage and divorce rates have declined but partner homicide between boyfriends and girlfriends has increased.

Affect of liberalized divorce laws on IPH rates

no-fault divorce laws have permitted couple to split before level of discord reaches violence.

The affect of divorce laws may have a greater impact on

husbands killing their wives

Who has benefited the most from intervention strategies designed to protect women

Men, male victims of IPH have been declining more than women victims.

True or False: most incidents of domestic violence do not become domestic homicide

True

Reasons for the decline in intimate partner homicides

Increased domestic violence resources such as shelters and hotlines, increased domestic violence legislation such as restraining orders and mandatory arrest policies, declining marriage rates, easier to get a divorce, and social stigma has greatly reduced.

Most family homicides involve

a single perp, usually the husband/father, and single victim, usually the wife

Familicide

family annihilation. Type of mass murder or murder-suicide where a perp kills multiple close family members such as a spouse and children.

Familicide is usually committed by

men ranging from ages 18-90.

Nearly half of this nations mass murders involve

familicide. Usually a husband/father murdering his wife and children in a single violent episode

Suicide by proxy

Killer sees their loved ones as an extension of himself, feels a personal responsibility for their well-being. Less common than murder by proxy

Most common type of murder suicide

Involves spouses or intimate partners. Male kills his current or former female partner before taking his own life

2nd most common type of murder suicide

Involves a parent who murders their child before committing suicide.

3rd type of murder suicide

involves family annihilation

4th type of murder suicide

involves extrafamilial victims like friends and coworkers

Risk factors for murder suicide

History of the perp having depression, history of battery, and a presence of a firearm in the house

Rate of murder-suicide is twice as high for

those over the age of 55

In older couples, murder suicide

is most common for the husband to be the perp, and usually shoots the wife while she is sleeping. Inability to cope with the caregiver role

Parricide

Deliberate killing of a parent.

Perps of parricide are

usually of adult age, suffer from a serious mental illness, and male

When sons kill

their victim is more likely to be their father

When daughters kill

their victim is equally as likely to be the mother or father

True or false: male parent is murdered 60% of the time

True

Parricide usually occurs because

it is a response to severe abuse, may be defensive, may be under the influence of severe mental illness, some just have bad character

Fillicide

Deliberate killing of a child by a parent, stepparent, or legal guardian

Women and fillicide

more likely to kill their offspring during the first year of life. More likely to kill the child with drugs, drowning, or smothering. Usually kills only one child. More likely to be suffering from depression or psychosis. Will kill impulsively

Men and fillicide

More likely to kill older children, more likely to use a gun, more likely to kill more than one child, will plan the murder. More likely to commit suicide after

Infanticide

intentional killing of an infant, before the age of 1.

True or false: children under the age of 5 are more likely to be killed by a parent than by a stranger

True

Infants are usually murdered with

hands or fists through strangulation, suffocation, beating, or shaking. rarely is there a need for guns

Neonaticide

murder of infants during the first 24 hours of life. Usually committed by the mother who is young and poor and never planned to have a child

Young adults traditionally have had the

highest rates of offending

For juvenile homicides which age group had the most amount of change

14-17 year olds

Why did the emergence of crack cause youth homicide rates to increase

Demand was high causing dealers to recruit young dealers that were willing to take risks and work for less. They got guns for protection, status, and execution.

The surge in youth homicide rates was

entirely gun related. number of teenage victims by gun quadrupled

Why did homicides related to gangs decline

police agencies started to prioritize anti-gang initiatives

Gangs usually consist of

men from minority groups, range in age from preteens to 30s, strong neighborhood ties, live in close proximity, and behavior can range from vandalism to murder

According to the National Gang Center

13% of the nations homicides are gang related

Why was there a reemergence of gangs

people put away in the 80s and 90s were returning, young recruits were attracted to the thrill, and police slashed their budgets for anti gang initiatives.

Immigration impacts on gangs

gangs develop to provide vulnerable, alienated residents with support and protection not available in society.

Positives of street gangs

alternative socializing mechanism, sense of importance, excitement, economic opportunities, leadership advancement no matter skin color or background

Gangs may be more attractive for people

who have fewer legitimate job opportunities

Subculture of violence theory

gangs are alternative socialization mechanisms when family structure is weakened. Source of excitement, money, advancement, and rise to success.

Teenagers

are more impatient, do not care/understand the consequences, more likely to kill for trivial reasons, impulsive, and spontaneous.

true or false: the vast majority of juveniles do not commit any serious violent acts

True

Which group of teenagers has the highest rate of violence

young black males

Reason for the decline in youth homicide

maturation of the crack market, strong economy, police strategies, community efforts to reestablish a sense of community, gun control laws, and legalization of abortion

Big brother effect

Those born after the early 1970s were scared away from crack by what they saw their older siblings and community go through

Prevention

Keeps kids from ever becoming involved in criminal activity

Intervention

after a problem has begun

Smart crime fighting

balances enforcement, treatment modalities, and general and targeted crime prevention

5 principles for a successful prevention

no program is always successful or for all individual, greatest opportunity comes with a focus on children for early prevention, patience is a requirement, take a multifaceted approach, prevention is cost effective

The violence portrayed in media can

cause children to overestimate the percentage of the population that is white and male, underestimate poverty, and exaggerate the amount of violence they are likely to encounter.

Prosecutorial discretion

whether to charge a juvenile in adult court or juvenile court

Statutory exclusions

write into law which offenses are excluded from juvenile court jurisdiction, some lowered the age of majority below 18, some completely removed the lower limit on eligibility

Risk factors

Lack of encouragement from parents and teachers, lack of self-esteem, suffered from childhood neglect or abuse, usually isolated and unpopular, lack of athletic abilities, fighting abilities, socioeconomic standing, and relationships with girls. Prove their masculinity through extreme violence.

Psychopathic

Callous disregard for their human targets, enjoy the power. Come from intact families with no histories of abuse or dysfunction. Narcissism, lack of empathy, manipulation, sadistic.

The most accurate data on school shootings comes from

incident reports of school-associated violent deaths formerly controlled by the National School Safety Center until 2010 in which data collection was assumed by the CDC

School homicide

occurs on the property of a public/private K-12 school, while a student is on the way to/from a school session, on the way to/from a school-sponsored event, or the obvious direct result of a school incident, function, or activity

School homicide includes

Adult domestic homicide that occurs on school grounds. felony-murder robberies that occur as the student is on the way home from school, and police action shootings.

School homicide does not inlcude

colleges, the death of the offender if they commit suicide, and if there is no death during the event

Most school homicide incidents

are single-victim, non-mass murder events reflecting rival gang fights, interpersonal disputes, domestic homicides, and robberies.

Who are usually the victims of school homicides

Men, unless there is multiple victims in which it is evenly split between men and women.

Why schools

Large number of students create the occasion for conflict, feelings of rejection, fear, boredom, and inadequacy. Can become alienated and decide school is the place to get even, blaming school for their disappointments.

True or false: children are relatively safe in school

True, 1 in 4 million chances that a child will be murdered while at school

Copycat phenomenon

Is short lived producing a elevated likelihood of a similar event over a several-week time frame

Copycat effect is strongest when

there is a close similarity between hero and follower

Black teenagers are more likely

to be involved in single-victim incidents like interpersonal disputes and gang rivalries

White teenagers are more likely

to be involved in multiple murder victim incidents

Who did Langman state were psychopathic school shooters

Andrew Golden and Eric Harris

Psychotic

Came from intact families with no history of abuse or dysfunction, symptoms of either schizophrenia or schizotypal personality disorder. Delusions, hallucinations, paranoia.

Who did Langman state were psychotic school shooters

Michael Carneal, Andrew Wurst, kip Kinkel, Seung-Hui Cho

Traumatized

came from broken homes, suffered physical or sexual abuse, at least 1 parent with substance abuse problems and criminal history. negative role modeling and peer influence

Who did Langman state were traumatized school shooters

Evan Ramesy, Mitchell Johnson, Jeffry Weise